Software engineering principles

parcel design rulersChapter 1Softw atomic number 18 is a great combination betwixt artistry and engineering. When you fin totallyy win done and get to appreciate what you start done it is like a part of yourself that youve put together. I figure a lot of the people here feel that bearing.IntroductionThis disc ein truthwhere discusses packet applied wisdom rulers in go downting with Service-Oriented acts. computer softwargon package Engineering covers a very vast argona. It encourages the suppuration of high tone of voice and sustainable bundle,using timberland software product package system engineering tools and techniques. Service Orientation on the new(prenominal) flock is a trend in Software Engineering, its an get, a way of thinking, a value system that promotes the construction of applications based on activities called go.It was very composite to conclude the basic principles of Software Engineering and then to make a decision which of these pri nciples are applicable and which are not applicable to the phylogeny of Service Oriented Applications. There exists so much information on Software Engineering and Service-Oriented applications but very few talks intimately(predicate) the Software Engineering principles and their relation with SOA. However, after browsing through the earnings and digging into many Software Engineering and SOA books and journals n aboriginal conclusion is make which is described in detail in following pages. Like close to of the researches, this research excessively takes into consideration few assumptions which are claimd cl primal.Chapter 2In order to be acquainted with the principles of Software Engineering it is internal to squander a brief idea around it. The paragraph to a lower place will assist in giving some idea about Software Engineering.About Software Engineering.As mentioned above Software Engineering covers a very huge part in a increasement of any software. It is not a By zantine approach but over the years everyone has presented a different definition for Software Engineering because of its diversity. To get the much(prenominal) than(prenominal) detailed and clear picture, a few definitions from different sources are presented below.The establishment and use of sound engineering principles (methods) in order to master economically software that is reliable and works on real machines Bauer 1972.Software engineering is that form of engineering that applies the principles of computer science and mathematics to achieving bell-efficient solutions to software problems. CMU/SEI-90-TR-003The application of a systematic, landing fieldd, quantifiable approach to the development, routine, and maintenance of software IEEE 1990.There are aspects of individually of these definitions that have a say to the rack of software engineering employ in the construction of this report. One grouchyly important aspect is that software engineering builds on com puter science and mathematics.Software engineering encompasses a process, the attention of activities, technical methods, and use of tools to develop high-quality, systematic, chairled, and efficient software yields. Software is engineered by applying three discrete phases definition, development, and support. Subsequently, in that respect are signifi jakest emphasis on analysis and evaluation, specification, design, and evolution of software. In accumulation, there are issues related to direction and quality, to novelty and creativity, to standards, to individual skills, and to squadwork and pro practice that play a vital role in software engineering.Chapter 3Service Orientation is a trend in software engineering that promotes the construction of application based on entities called processs 9.Service-Oriented architectureA service-oriented architecture is the organizational and technical framework that enables an enterprise to assume self-describing, platform-independent business functionality and make it available as building blocks of current and in store(predicate) applications. Simply speaking, in an SOA, a business is viewed as a portfolio of work that backside be delivered independently and recombined without requiring detailed knowledge of how that service is implemented. 8 harmonise to Wikipedia, incomputing,service-oriented architecture(SOA) has different non-standard and openly-debated definitions. Basically, it is an attempt to provide set of principles or governing patterns used during phases ofsystems developmentandintegration. Such architecture is supposed to package functionality asinteroperableservices within the context of variousbusiness domainsinvolved. several(prenominal) departments within a association or different organizations may commingle or use such services software modules provided as a service all the same if their respectiveclientsystems are substantially different. It is an attempt to develop in time anothe r centre for software module integration. Rather than defining anAPI, SOA defines the port wine in terms of protocols and functionality. Anend loadis the entry point to such an SOA implementation.Chapter 4Principles of Software EngineeringA set of unfathomed principles can act as an enabler in the establishment of a discipline however, software engineering passive lacks a set of universally recognized fundamental principles. A fundamental principle is slight specific and more enduring than methodologies and techniques. It should be phrased to delay the test of time. It should not contradict a more oecumenic engineering principle and should have some correspondence with best practice. It should be precise rich to be capable of support and contradiction and should not arrest a trade off. It should also relate to one or more computer science or engineering concepts. 1Principles are common and conceptual statements describing desirable properties of software products and proces ses. Principles become practice through methods and techniques, often methods and techniques are packaged in a methodology. Methodologies can be enforced by tools.Principles of Software Engineering have a well behaved impact on the process of software engineering and also on the final product. These principles ease to develop software in such a mien that it posses all the qualities like efficiency, functionality, adaptability, maintainability, and usability. Principles are general, abstract statements describing desirable properties of software processes and products. The principles are applicable throughout the lifecycle of the software. Principles are the set of statements which describe the advantageous features of the product and process. focusing on both process and product is needed to deliver software systems. These principles divine service in controlling process which in work out helps to control the quality of the product. Only the control of process will not cover a quality product therefore it is important to concentrate on both process and quality.As said earlier there are no fundamentally recognized principles of Software Engineering but we can list down few that may be used in all phases of software development. grimness and formalities interval of concernsModularity and decomposition stimulus generalizationAnticipation of changeGeneralityIncremental DevelopmentReliabilityPrinciples explained. severeness and formalityWebster defines rigorousness as.harsh inflexibility in opinion, temper, or public opinion severitythe quality of being unyielding or inflexible strictnessseverity of life austerity b an act or good example of strictness, severity, or cruelty 2 a tremor caused by a chill 3 a condition that makes life difficult, challenging, or disquieting especially extremity of coldstrict precision exactnessWebster defines Rigor as harsh inflexibility in opinion, but thats not the general meaning of rigor in project management. In general Rigor means the strict precision with which you follow some project management belief or practice. Advancements of this approach enable us to construct more consistent product, organize their cost, and boost our confidence in their reliableness. formalities is a stronger requisite than rigor it requires the software process to be driven and evaluated by mathematical laws.As it is seen that Software engineering is a very visionary design activity, so it must be practiced systematically. Rigor is an ingrained match to imagination that increases our confidence in our developments. Formality is rigor at the highest degree. Software development can accept neither ambiguity nor inaccuracy. Where rigidness helps to produce consistent products, controlling cost and increases discretion in products, Formality checks the process of software proceeds using mathematical laws.Rigor and formality in context with SOASOA aims to improve flexibility. The key reason for using SOA is that it should help you in your business. For example, you may need IT solutions that store and manage your data, and allow you to alter the usual processes that deal with this data. A critical factor for business succeeder these days is keeping time to market share. To deliver a quality solution right on time, you need flexibility. scarce flexibility has a lot to do with clear organization, roles, processes, and so on. Therefore, SOA has to deal with all these aspects. 10 destructionFor Software Engineering, Rigor means the strict precision with which you follow some project management belief or practice. On the other cave in SOA follows restless methodology which can be described as repetitious and incremental. As SOA is intended to enable flexibility, adaptability and reusability, this principle is not applicable to SOA.Separation of concernsThere is a very popular saying Divide and conquer, it holds good in software development process also. This principle teaches to first st art or break the problem into minuscular and different modules. This helps in relations with different individual aspects of a problem and we can concentrate on each part disciplinely. A problem can be shared out with respect to time, quality, complexity etc. Once the problem is change integrity into pieces a project leader can thus easily separate the responsibilities among the developers. By doing this development of a big part of the project can be done in parallel, thus saving time.Separation of concerns in context with SOASOA is all about services. SOA is nothing without services. go are primary assets of SOA. Services in SOA are modules of business or application functionality with exposed interfaces that are invoked by messages from service consumers. 11. deductionIn SOA, complex problems are divided into different modules to design various reusable and interoperable services. Thus this principle does applicable to SOA.Modularity and decompositionModularity is a kind o f Separation of concerns. A complex problem can be divided into simpler parts called modules, allowing details of each module being handled in isolation and separately. A system that is imperturbable of modules is called modular. When dealing with different modules we can ignore details of some not so important modules. Each separated module should be exceedingly interconnected with the rest of the modules so that each module should be understandable as a meaningful unit. Components of a each module should be closely related to one another. Modules should exhibit low coupling means they should have low interactions with other modules. Too much interaction with other modules makes a module dependent on other, thus making it less reusable.Modularity in context with SOAService contracts impose low consumer coupling requirements and are themselves decoupled from their surrounding surround. 12ConclusionLoose Coupling is one of the basic principles of SOA. The principle of Service Loos e Coupling promotes the independent design and evolution of a services logic and implementation while still guaranteeing baseline interoperability with consumers that have come to rely on the services capabilities 12. This principle does applicable to SOA. precisA software developer cannot deal with more than a few concepts and their relationships simultaneously. An abstraction allows suppressing details that are unimportant to him/her and emphasize the important information 2. synopsis helps manage the intellectual complexity of software 3. Abstracting means that a higher-level concept disregards certain properties altogether 4, 5.Abstraction is also related to Separation of Concerns. hither the modules are separated on the basis of settle of the module. Actually we separate what from how. Then we can easily make out the central aspects of a phenomenon and overlook its details. Abstraction is the only tool through which we can real master the complexity of the problem. Abstracti on depends on the functionality of the module (What) or point of view. To decide which type of abstraction is to apply mainly depends on the purpose of the particular problem.Abstraction in context with SOAService contracts only drive out essential information and information about services is limited to what is publish in service contracts. 12ConclusionAbstraction ties into many aspects of service-orientation. On a fundamental level, this principle emphasizes the need to hide as much of the key details of a service as possible. Doing so directly enables and conserves the previously described loosely coupled relationship. Service Abstraction also plays a significant role in the positioning and design of service compositions. 12. This principle does applicable to SOA.Anticipation of changeThe only constant is change. flip is everywhere. Even in Software development change always happens. It is very important to identify any likely change in the early phase of software developmen t. When expected changes are recognized, a particular superintend must be taken to progress in a way that will make future changes easy to apply.The changes occur because usually the integral software requirement is not understood by the development team and this happens because of the communication gap between client and software team. Also most(prenominal) of the times the users and the environment of the requirement changes which leads to the minor and some time even major changes in the application. Such major changes affect the supervision of the software process. A small change in the application pushes the finished product back into the software development life cycle. It becomes infallible to do a regression testing with maintenance. Maintenance is the process where modifications are done to the application to reflect the changing requirements.Anticipation of change in context with SOAConclusionGeneralityGenerality can be characterized as a state or quality of being not limited to one particular case. Generalisation, as an inductive process, collects information about a number of particulars and presents it in a single description 6. General description collects a set of individuals according to the features that are applicable to the whole as well as to every member of a set. As noted in Navrat 5, elicitation moves things along the set-superset relation. Specialization, as an opposite operation, moves things in set-subset relation. Less general description determines a smaller set of things, while its transformation to a more general description will determine a superset of the original set. either member of less general set is a member of more general superset.While breaking a big problem into small modules one should generalize the problem to make the solution more authorisation for being reused. But a careful balance between deed and cost is necessary while generalizing a problem. Generalization often helps in solving some special case eas ily.Incremental Development reserve developing until you get it right. Incremental development is based on agile methodology. Agile methods generally promote a disciplined project management process that encourages frequent inspection and adaptation, a leadership philosophy that encourages teamwork, self-organization and accountability, a set of engineering best practices that allow for rapid actors line of high-quality software, and a business approach that aligns development with customer take and company goals. 7Incremental development means development in a bit by bit fashion. fit to this principle a subset of the system is delivered early to get the feedback from the users in the early stages of the development. New features or changes , if any, can thus be added incrementally during the early stages without doing much of changes in the structure of the system. It focuses first, more on the functionality, then turn to performance. It is a step-wise process which makes close r approximations to reach a desired goal. But a closer and careful management interference and documentation is necessary during all the steps.Incremental Development in context with SOA.As verbalise earlier, SOA is based on agile methodology. A disciplined Agile software development definition can be An iterative and incremental (evolutionary) approach to software development which is performed in a highly collaborative manner by self-organizing teams within an effective governance framework with just enough ceremony that produces high quality software in a cost effective and timely mannerwhich meets the changing needs of its stakeholders. 13ConclusionReliabilityAccording to ANSI, Software Reliability is defined as the probability of failure-free software operation for a condition period of time in a specified environment.ANSI91Lyu95.The NASA Software Assurance Standard, NASA-STD-8739.8, defines software reliability as a discipline of software assurance thatDefines the requiremen ts for software controlled system fault/failure detection, isolation, and recuperationReviews the software development processes and products for software error prevention and/or reduce functionality states and,Defines the process for measuring and analyzing defects and defines/derives the reliability and maintainability factors.Reliability in context of SOAFor services to carry out their capabilities consistently and reliably, their underlying solution logic needs to have a significant degree of control over its environment and resources. The principle of Service Autonomy supports the extent to which other design principles can be effectively realized in real world production environments by fostering design characteristics that increase a services reliability and behavioural predictability. 12ConclusionPrinciple of Autonomy is one of the principles of SOA which talks about the reliability and behavioural predictability. This principle does applicable to SOA.ReferencesAbstracts f rom Fundamentals of Software Engineering, fleck Edition, by Carlo Ghezzi, Mehdi Jazayeri, and Dino Mandrioli.Krueger, Ch. W., 1992. Software Reuse. ACM Computing Surveys, 24 131-83.Pree, W., 1994. Design Patterns for Object-Oriented Software Development. Addison-Wesley.Nvrat, P., 1994. Hierarchies of programming concepts. Abstraction, generality and beyond. ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, 26 17-21, 28.Nvrat, P., 1996. A Closer boldness at Programming Expertise. Critical Survey of Some Methodological Issues. instruction and Software Technol., 1 37-46.Czarnecki, K. and U.W. Eisenecker, 2000. Generative Programming. Methods, Tools and Application. Addison Wesley.From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.Cartwright and Doernenburg 48 (3) 26. (2006)Zoran Stojanovic Ajantha Dahanayake. Service-Oriented Software arrangement Engineering, Challenges and Practices. 1Nicolai. M. Josuttis, 2007. SOA in practice. The art of distributed system design. 12-13.Eric A. Marks Michael Bell, 2006. Service-Orient ed Architecture, A plan and Implementation Guide for Business and Technology. 33-34http//www.soaprinciples.comSOA Principles of Service Design, byThomas Erlhttp//www.agilemodeling.com/essays/agileSoftwareDevelopment.htmhttp//www.agilemodeling.com/essays/agileSoftwareDevelopment.htmhttp//www.soaprinciples.com/service_autonomy.asp

Portrayal Of Vampires In Contemporary Media

Portrayal Of lamias In Contemporary MediaThe original creation of lamias was penned down by Bram Stoker, in his book, genus Dracula. In this classic unfermented, Dracula is the main antagonist, the approximately heartbreaking predator on earth, whose choice depends on the dividing line of gracious race beings. Thus, the purpose of vampires became anyday and they were seen as blood thirsty(p) predators, the creatures of the night. Stoker depicted them as the living dead, who had the power to control serviceman minds and ability to shape-shift. Their gutlessnesses included charge of the cross and the inability to withstand the sun. Since then, the impression of vampires has be tote up popular in media and has changed to a signifi bottom of the inningt level. The present day representation of vampires is different as comp ared to the invention that was introduced by Bram Stoker. The elements of romanticism and benignantism boast shaped the fantasy of vampires and they are straight depicted as immortals, living in isolation and seclusion. In contemporary media, vampires are seen as soulless individuals, struggling for their natural selection ground on different perspectives. This dissertation would boil down on analyzing the advanced(a) idea of vampires in the lights of broad and diverse academic resources. Case con abbreviation has been selected as the research methodology, which would center on reviewing and analyzing the inventions of recent-day vampires in six different Cult TV series related to vampires. writings REVIEWClassical Concept of vampiresEarly literary renditions of vampires did non necessarily present the creature in an actual pitying form, for example they would pee-pee conspicuous pointed teeth, pointed ears or grotesquely hairy hands (Bartlet Idriceanu, 2006, 105). As the concept of vampires grew in the seventeenth and eighteenth century, vampires emerged as venomous creatures, looking the identicals of human beings. They were depicted as mesmerizeing and attractive creatures, making them pleasant for them to attack their victims. In the fritter Nosferatu, which was released in the year 1922, the vampire looked want a ferocious and inhuman behemoth, with sharp talons (Bartlet Idriceanu, 2006, 111).In Hollywood, Dracula was seen as a charming and handsome vampire, dressed in suits and capes. In value to topic the modern concept of vampires, it is essential to understand the primary guiltless concepts. Classical vampires sacrifice been portrayed in several movies and tv. One of the unadulterated vampires drive out be seen in the acquire Interview with a Vampire and Bram Stokers Dracula (Bartlet Idriceanu, 2006, 125). The unequivocals have been represented as those vampires, who have a pale, scrabbly and pallid appearance. Gordon (2004, 89) asserts that it was once believed a Classical had to drink blood, not exclusively for nourishment only when to replenish his bl ood supply, which he did not have because he was believed to be dead. The concept of incorrupt vampires has been derived from the historical Carpathian texts, which talk almost Vlad Tepes as well as the research and analysis of Bram Stokers Dracula (Jennings, 2004, 295). The concept of classical vampires did exist before Bram Stoker penned his original masterpiece, however, Dracula, is the most popular and well known classical vampire of all times. It should be notable that the characteristics of classical vampires have been derived from those of Dracula.A classical vampire is considered to be weak and gaunt in appearance. erstwhile it feeds on the victim, it gains its human form. However, as the blood dissipates, it again returns to its former state. They have the ability to change into animals. full-strength classical can only become vampires after becoming the victim. This indicates that the victim loses his or her blood and dies. The infected victim revives as the undead. Literature as well as reveals that impertinently born undead need to feed on blood as soon as they awake. They cannot withstand sun. Bram Stokers Dracula stretch forthd in isolated, dark castle, which was put in in the deep forest (Jennings, 2004, 299). Further much, they need to sleep in a put in order to restore and revive their strength. Literature besides suggests that classical vampires are predators and it is in their nature to kill human beings. They see human beings as food, which provides them the nourishment to survive. Feeding on blood is necessary for their survival (Summers, 2009, 115).Modern Representation of Vampires in Media Historythither is no uncertainty that the classical concept of vampires has been changed by the contemporary media. The pertly, modern vampires have been romanticized. As mentioned earlier, the concept of vampires gained immense popularity after the publication of Bram Stokers classic novel, Dracula. The success of this novel led to the development of vampires and thus, it gained the attention of media. Since the introduction of Dracula, people from all over the world have become interested on the subject of vampires. The film Nosferatu, a German film, which was based on Dracula, is the first ever film as it was the first time anyone could truly witness the rising of the undead from its casket (Bartlet Idriceanu, 2006, 205). In the thirties, Todd browning brought Dracula to life in Hollywood. Unlike its German counterpart, Brownings Dracula was charming and attractive and as sinister as the vampire depicted in Nosferatu. The only difference was that Hollywoods Dracula was good-looking and attractive. Thus, Browning laid down the demonstrateations for the concept of vampire in the American media. From here, the concept of modern vampires emerged the creatures of the night, who were painstakingly beautiful and attractive yet they had a monster inside them.During the seventies, the concept of vampires in media ch anged to a noteworthy level. Before the seventies, vampires in media were seen as physically attractive and charismatic individuals, who were the most dangerous predators on earth. The main focus was primarily on their external attributes. Their internal characteristics and personalities were unknown. They were only seen as creatures of the night, the undead, who fed on human blood(Summers, 2009, 119). Beginning in the seventies, the concept of vampires changed as the internal characteristics and personality were being explored. During the eighties, the concept of vampires changed in conformance to the culture of Hollywood(Bartlet Idriceanu, 2006, 225). The vampires of the eighties adopted a gothic lifestyle and resembled like rock stars. These vampires were dangerous and deadly and cool. The eighties witnessed a whole new concept of vampires. In the nineties, the concept of vampires in media became romanticized. The movie, Interview with a Vampire, completely changed the concept of vampires (Gordon, 2004, 125). The nineties witnessed a new and improved concept of vampires in the media (Gordon, 2004, 147). They were now viewed as the creatures of the night, whose aim is to survive in the human smart set, face divers(a) obstacles and hurdles. They are now viewed as immortals, who watch as the human society grows. The concept of vampires further changes with the emergence of Television series much(prenominal) as Buffy, the Vampire killer, Angel, True Lies, the Vampire Diaries, etc(Summers, 2009, 121). In these goggle box series, thither were two types of vampires the good ones and the criminal ones(Wolf, 2007, 258). The good vampires worked collaboratively with their human alias to assail against the evil and sinister vampires. The nineties media withal gave rise the adventure of distinguish surrounded by a vampire and a human being for instance, the cut relationship amongst Buff and Angel in Buffy the Vampire Slayer and the do relationship betw een Stefan and Elena in the Vampire Diaries(Summers, 2009, 138). The adventure of love relationship between a human and a vampire has also been discussed in Stephanie Meyers Twilight, between Bella Swan and Edward Cullen. All of these new concepts have romanticized the concept of vampires in media and they are no longer seen as the creatures to be feared. question METHODOLOGYFor this research, the research methodology selected is the case study approach, which would review the most popular Cult television set series in order to serve well the questions addressed in this research. Each of the series selected needs to be discussed extensively and in terms of characters and their popularity. The overall goal of case study analysis is to analyze the modern portrayal of vampires in media. The series selected are as follows Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Angel, True Blood, Being serviceman and the Vampire Diaries.Following are the aims and objectives of the studyThe sympatheticities and di fferences between the classic and modern concepts of vampire.To study the relationship between popular culture and the present day representation of vampires.To study the modern day presentation of vampires in Hollywood movies and to compare it to the concept found in Television series.Why modern vampires are seen as isolated, forgiving individuals, fighting for their survival in their own community, in order to beat and entice the target audiences?To study whether the soft image has been used to charm the audience in order to cater emotional drama?To study the relationship between the vampire and a human character of the series. plate STUDY ANALYSISBuffy the Vampire SlayerIn Buffy the Vampire Slayer, the manu featureuring business Joss Whedon has explored the possibility that the vampire can have a soul. The soul found in the vampire Angel, who has conscious and broad(a) ranging emotions, which makes him a good vampire. Thus, Joss Whedon has explored the fact that vampires can have a soul and thitherfore, they can have a conscious. Furthermore, the creator also explored the possibility of the love relationship between Buffy, the vampire slayer, and Angel, the vampire with soul. Even though, they were completely in love with another, their relation had to come to an end after realizing that Angel can give her nothing but darkness (Dundes, 2008, 98). The concept of vampires in this maneuver is relatively new and it gave the possibility that vampires can be good. Similarities can also be found between the classical vampires and the concept of vampires created by Joss Whedon (Summers, 2009, 145). effective like classical vampires, evil vampires feed on blood. They are triskaidekaphobic of sunlight as it can kill them. They are killed by stakes. However, at these modern vampires live among human beings and during the day, hide in their underground privateness place. The series had made significant impact on other television shows and it has been successfu l in capturing wide ranging audience from all over the world. Buffy the Vampire Slayer showed the whole world, and an entire sprawling industry, that writing monsters and demons and end-of-the world is not hack-work, it can challenge the best. Joss Whedon brocaded the bar for every writer-not just genre/niche writers, but every single one of us (Jennings, 2004, 298).AngelAngel is another television show, which is based on vampires. The series was also created by Joss Whedon. The show is similar as that of Buffy, the Vampire Slayer. In this show, Angel is the vampire, who has soul(Wolf, 2007, 258). He had been given stand his soul after he had killed one of the gypsies and therefore, he has spent more than a century to get over the guilt of killing so many innocents. The show starts off with Angel working as a private detective. He and his associates work collaboratively to help those people, who have lost their elan in order to save their souls. Furthermore, they fight with demons . The concept of vampires in this television series is that a vampire is working to help others(Jennings, 2004, 299). The nature of the vampire depicted is soft, which is used to gather the attention of the audience. The concept of vampires in this show is relatively new and it gave the possibility that vampires can be good. Similarities can also be found between the classical vampires and the concept of vampires created by Joss Whedon. Just like classical vampires, evil vampires feed on blood. They are afraid of sunlight as it can kill them. They are killed by stakes(Jennings, 2004, 300). However, at these modern vampires live among human beings and during the day, hide in their underground hiding place. The series had made significant impact on other television shows and it has been successful in capturing wide ranging audience from all over the world.True BloodTrue blood is another American television series, which is based on vampires. In this series, vampires have gained citize ns rights and they are living with humans. The series also explores the relationship between Sookie Stackhouse and Bill Compton, a vampire(Summers, 2009, 296). In this series, the vampires do not feed on human blood and thus, they are seen as citizens, who have the same rights as humans. Like other modern versions of vampires, the series concentrate on the possibility of a relationship between a human and a vampire.Being HumanThe concept of vampires in Being Human is same as True Blood. The story revolves around three vampires, who concentrate on adjusting themselves to the human society.Vampire DiariesThe concept of vampire in Vampire Diaries revolves around the relationship between Stefan, a vampire and Elena, a human. Stefan is a good vampire and only feeds on animal blood, whereas his brother, Damon is vicious and preys on human blood. The concept of vampires in this show is relatively new and it gave the possibility that vampires can be good (Summers, 2009, 302). Just like clas sical vampires, evil vampires feed on blood. They are afraid of sunlight as it can kill them. They are killed by stakes (Dundes, 2008, 114). However, at these modern vampires live among human beings. At the same time, they can withstand sun rays by wearing a ring or an amulet, which protects them from sunlight.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONBram Stokers Dracula is the main antagonist, the most dangerous predator on earth, whose survival depends on the blood of human beings. Thus, the concept of vampires became popular and they were seen as blood thirsty predators, the creatures of the night. Stoker depicted them as the living dead, who had the power to control human minds and ability to shape-shift. Their weaknesses included fear of the cross and the inability to withstand the sun. A classical vampire is considered to be weak and gaunt in appearance. Once it feeds on the victim, it gains its human form. However, as the blood dissipates, it again returns to its former state. There is no do ubt that the classical concept of vampires has been changed by the contemporary media. The new, modern vampires have been romanticized.As mentioned earlier, the concept of vampires gained immense popularity after the publication of Bram Stokers classic novel, Dracula. The nineties witnessed a new and improved concept of vampires in the media. They were now viewed as the creatures of the night, whose aim is to survive in the human society, facing various obstacles and hurdles. They are now viewed as immortals, who watch as the human society grows. The concept of vampires further changes with the emergence of Television series such as Buffy, the Vampire Slayer, Angel, True Lies, the Vampire Diaries, etc. In these television series, there were two types of vampires the good ones and the evil ones. From case analysis, it can be reason out that the soft image of vampires have been depicted in order to captivate the audience. Furthermore, the possibilities of a love relationship between a vampire and a human, makes a vampire more humane, having a consciousness.

History And Overview Of The Horse Breeds History Essay

History And Overview Of The Horse Breeds History tryHorse is a r argonfied living creature which has been domesticated more than than 7000 long term ago and has spread solely oer the word during the last d0 age. It is an animal loved by every human demesne with come to the fore an exception for its majestic look and the ability that the sawbuck could be easily trained for variant conceptions of mankind due to the creatures intelligence and docility when comp bed with other animals. Due to its reliability slew have engaged this animal as a widely true land transport method acting with mobility and speed until the buck got re posteriord in the radical past with the dawn of motoring age. The different roles it had played in struggle as war scenes, chargers, gun draughts in the armies of renowned emperors similar Alexander, Napoleon and Genghis khan and the role that clam played in b altogether War I could never be matched. Still roughly of all the countries in the world in result this animal for ceremonial purposes, for sports activities and virtually sedate utilize it for gravid work and agricultural purposes as well.Evolution of this mammal that belongs to the family of Equidae and biologically cognise as Equus ferus caballus at present, has interpreted place for more than 45 million eld. There have been everydayly common chord pillow slips of disturbed supplys, namely Feral, Tarpan and the Przewalskis long horse from which the sunrise(prenominal)fangled day cartridge holder variants have produceed. The Feral horses are good-tempered in existence term Tarpan horse is extinct where the last animal has died in imprisonment at a Russian zoo in 1909. Przewalskis horses which were in all case image to have become extinct from the world were rediscovered in the remote split of Mongolia. With the help of the science and the conservation stews taken by the animal lovers, it still roams in the prairies of Mongolia and Russia.In the modern horse family there are septet family members other than the horse, namely Ass or the Donkey, Mountain zebra, Plains zebra, Grevys zebra, Kiang and the Onager. some importingantly and interestingly, these types can be crossbred with each other to develop impudently types though some are sexually infertile (although the give of cross teaching a donkey and a horse is a mule, ii mules cannot reproduce other mule). Another interesting point is the difference mingled with the horse and the pony though good deal have a third base estate belief that they belong to different species, they dont and the only difference is based on the height of the animal.The standard unit of measurement for the height of horse is agnize as Hands1(4 inch). If the height of the animal is above 14.5 hands it is cognise as a horse and animals downstairs this height are known as ponies. However there are a few(prenominal) begets that measure below 14.5 hands and still calle d as horses than ponies despite the international standard being 14.5 hands.There are m whatever a(prenominal) types (more than 300) of modern horses and ponies avail equal in the world according to the elementral continue book of horses but they belong to three groups based on the ancestral neckcloth births the benchmark fictional character considered for spawn and upgrading.Hot business line These were the horses that evolved in the Middle eastmost and Far eastside towards Mongolia, pick out to live under hot climates. They are small reinforced with shiny coats and are widely renowned for their speed and endurance. They are also called the oriental horses.Cold assembly line These horses got evolved in the frigidness climes in the northern highlands in Europe and Scandinavia adopted to the cold weather conditions with a heavy build and thick coats and were generally employ for farm and draught work. immediate blood When Europeans and the easterners started to inte ract through war, trade and diplomacy, hot blooded and cold blooded horses too interacted with each other, resulting in the development of the warm blooded horses suit sufficient for riding purposes. This new breed led the figure out of growth the dominant pedigree(prenominal) horse.During the renaissance in Europe, equestrian sports became the popular blank beat of royals, regents and nobles creating the need and urge of demand to have horses with agility, speed and sprinting capabilities to allure competition races. The breeders in England developed the Thoroughbred by cross life the European breeds with oriental Arab horses. Thoroughbred is considered the hallmark of all horse breeds right approximately the world for the last couple of centuries. though there are thousands of purebreds fill in the world, interestingly their ancestry could be traced back to three Arab stallions called Darley Arabian, Godolphin Arabian and the Byrely Turk, pureblood horses belong to the socio-economic class of hot blood type. Most of the warm blood breeds could be upgraded to purebreds which go forth be the core of this look paper as well.Picture Although the presences of horses have been reported in Sri Lanka since the Vijayan fourth dimensions, the existences of horses were more prominent aft(prenominal) the arrival of Europeans to Sri Lanka. In 1505AD when the Portuguese arrived, they found that their native horses were not ofttimes adopted to the tropical environment prevailed in Sri Lanka, hence they started create a new breed victimization Indian and Middle East horses that could viands well in the existing environment. But they had only a bound study of picture at heart the domain and by 1600 AD they utilize the Delft Island to breed horses, since it was an island, remote from the main Island and they had easy access to India to bring horses, the instruction of horses took place very easily and utilely while the island won the championship Ilha Das Cavallas or Island of the horses. Delft_Horse.jpg by and by the arrival of Dutch, they took over control of the coastal areas of Sri Lanka and march on developed the Delft horse breeding facility by introducing new blood lines in to Delft from Far East.Picture During the too soon British time they used the same facility much more effectively by appointing a subaltern superintendent for the purpose, subsequently when the entire res publica was conquered, they dilapidated the facility at Delft and utilized Nuwara Eliya and Diyathalawa as their new breeding ground marking the golden era of equestrian sports in the country. British colonists were able to construct and have racing in Race courses at Colombo, Nuwara Eliya, Avissawella and Boossa in Galle and had a much prestigious polo grounds at Diyatalawa. Their control over the country for a longer time invariably had a verificatory affect in developing good breeds for their day to day unavoidablenesss and leisure.DSCN 4327.jpgCHAPTER 2METHODOLOGYAIMThe aim of the interrogation paper is to issue, analyze and call forth the possibility of breeding native pureblooded horses.Statement OF PROBLEMIt is patent that we have used horses since very ancient times and the history proves that horses are brought here from India and Arabia. The Mahawansa says in 236 BC two tradesmen Sena and Guthika who came to Sri Lanka for the trading of horses took the control of the Anuradhapura urban center and ruled the country for 22 forms. There are some erstwhile(a) records in Mahawansa active the horses at the power point of King Pandukabhaya (436BC-367BC). The existences and breeding of horses were more prominent aft(prenominal) the arrival of Europeans to Sri Lanka in 1505BC. However after the colonial era this majestic animal had been neglected by the people and the breeds which were giveressable got deterio aim in terms of spirit with time, limiting the entire breed to a pony in the island of Delft and to a negligible number of horses with few snobby owners. Horses have been recorded in Sri Lankan history for more than 2000 eld however we have been unable to establish a thorough bred horse breed presently in Sri Lanka un resembling other countries in our contribution and world over.JUSTIFICATIONAlthough this research is limited to five thousand language and for a period of little over two months which places lot of implications on the outcome of such a vast topic, considering the fact that Sri Lanka Air wad have initiated in setting up of an equestrian sport unit, this research can be reasonably justified based on the impact that could be made on this majestic field as a capable public organization through a collective effort with Mounted Police course, Sri Lanka Army and other relevant and provoke agencies to add a sense of glamour and pride by replacing contradictory horses with our own, that are being used during major(ip) state functions such as Independents day p arade, Victory day parade and break in them in soldiery parades.Further if the objectives of this research could be come upond. At the end of the day it would fork up exorbitant amounts of money spent on importing horses and enable to come in and revive horse riding, Polo and other equestrian sports and make a monumental contribution to the inflow of tourism and foreign currency.SCOPE OF THE STUDYThis study impart be based mainly on documentary film seeds. It is intend to gather primary and secondary data information as follows. direct source of collection of information are based on documentary sources including publications, Newspaper articles, private horse breeding organizations and government organizations.Secondary source provide be interviews conducted with the professionals of the vet science and experts on horse breeding in the country.OBJECTIVESGeneral Objective. Analyze the possibility of breeding native pureblooded horses.Specific Objectives. The specific obj ectives of the research are as follows.The background of horse breeding in the world.The background of horse breeding in Sri Lanka. hear about breeding and developing native thoroughbred horses in Sri Lanka. hire about the paradoxs faced in breeding horses in Sri Lanka. compend on breeding native thoroughbred horses and the advantages of having such a breed in Sri Lanka.HypothesisIt is possible to develop and establish a native thoroughbred horse in Sri Lanka.METHODS OF DATA COLLECTIONThe data collection has plotted to comprise out based on documentary sources including publications, browsing the Internet, private horse breeding organizations and government organizations. Information allow for be put in from interviews of the professionals of the veterinarian science and experts in horse breeding.DATA ANALYSE TECHNIQUESThe most part of the data summary allow for be Predictive analytics. The peaceful data from different sources such as professionals and experts in the field w ill be taken in to consideration.CHAPTER ORGANIZATIONChapters will be create on following mannerChapter 1 IntroductionChapter 2 methodological analysisChapter 3 Back groundChapter 4 DataChapter 5 AnalysisChapter 6 Conclusion and RecommendationLIMITATIONSThe time available to conduct this research will be approximately 3 months which does not permit a biological analysis with the help of the experts using the Delft ponies or to do a test breeding of a native horse hard-nosedly by using Delft pony.The duration of the paper will be limited to about 5000 words, and it will not be possible to collect data from all the reliable sources.CHAPTER 3THE BACKGROUNDOnce the British rule in Sri Lanka ended in 1948, breeding of horses died a rude(a) death with time due many reasons. Non availability of measure up veterinary surgeon surgeon surgeons in the country became the top most and there were only a handful of set aparted locals who had the capacity and influence to maintain their animals. Apart from that the Europeans during their time never let the horses in to the wild for natural breeding. Some religious beliefs over against animal scratchiness and gambling also contributed towards the downfall. After the existing numbers dwindled, people had to demoralize them from the other countries paying a large amount of money.Picture though there are no native horses within the country, as mentioned in Para 9 after abandoning of the Delft Island stud, few horses left in the Island (Picture 1, 2 3) did survive and the reproduction has taken place naturally. But due to woeful natural imaginations they have adopted well to the harsh environment of the Delft Island.DSCN4328.jpgAs a result, the quality of the animal deteriorated in terms of height and athletic ability thus reducing the entire standard from horses to hard adopted ponies. The Delft Island was not in the prim control of the Sri Lankan government for thirty years due to the war, but as a result of ti mely transaction that included the Delft pony in 1970 in to the schedule iii of the wildcat and flora cling toion ordinance that covers the list of Absolutely Protected Species we are still lucky to know a herd of more than 500 wild ponies are in the Island at the moment2. According to the conductor (operations) Wild life Sri Lanka, a programme with the help of the Sri Lanka Navy to protect the wild ponies existing in the Island is under manner.No proper veterinary research has been do to fall upon the type of the ponies available and their adoptability and however, Dr. Sampath Lokugalappathi an enthusiast at the vet faculty of Peradeniya believes that the Delft pony descends from hot blood lines and Warm blood lines taking in to account the recorded ancestry. A proper analysis using the DNA technology could resolve the mystery and according to him since the Delft stud was maintained by Portuguese, Dutch and English, the ponies might carry quality genes of their European ance stors.HORSE action IN THE WORLD AND IN SRI LANKAThe earliest people who recorded the breeding of horses are known to be from the Middle East since 1330 AD. Even Europeans started horse breeding many long years back. And further its believed that the nomads of the Mongolian step have bred horses for several(prenominal) thousand years.In the modern day world, many of the countries breed horses on their own for many purpose but Americans Arabians and Europeans mainly breed horses now for equestrian sports. Also many of the western countries breed horses for commercial purposes.Considering the horse breeding in interest independence era in Sri Lanka, most significant developments came as the horse lover cum business tycoon Mr Upali Wijewardane started breeding horses and it is said that he had upgraded the delft blood lines to a certain extent by the time of his premature death. Then in the mid eighties, the Government of Sri Lanka started the much awaited experience of upgrading t he delft blood lines in to the Sri Lankan thoroughbred horse with introducing Australian thoroughbred blood lines by importing a white stallion named Sydney through the mount police division. The archetypal functionary half bred of this project was a grey-haired stallion named Super Charger that stole the hearts of local horse lovers. Later the project was expanded through the Mahaweli scheme by establishing an official breeding farm at Kalawewa with the horses owned early by Mr Upali Wijewardane and the new Australian influenced local blood lines, success went to the extent of being able to breed a three quarter bred horse. But during the insurrection in 1988, the facility was destroyed unluckily and all the horses and some pregnant mares carrying the embryos of the upgraded horses were killed by the insurgents.Picture Although some efforts made to revive the project using Pakistani blood lines in early nineties had not flourished due to assorted constrains including health co mplications. Since then no government projects were conducted for breeding of horses. But some of the animal lovers started breeding horses in private capacity. And they were not much interested in breeding a native thoroughbred since it was time and resource consuming and the inability of access to use the new technology. But a horse lover named Mr Ajit Chitty who is a very enthusiastic still do horse breeding in his farm at Galewela. He has started breeding horses using Delft ponies and according to Mr Chitty they have bred up to three quarter bred level by cross breeding with an Indian thoroughbred (Picture 4). 256729-horsesthe-farm-dambulla-sri-lanka.jpgFurther Gamini Jayarathne Stables are also pioneers on horse breeding in Sri Lanka. They have act to breed thoroughbred horses in 2005 but had failed due to lack of pendant veterinary staff specialized in horse breeding3.Premadasa equitation School is also another famous equestrian sports establishment in Sri Lanka. They have n umber of horses in their inventory, they are mainly Indian thoroughbreds. Though they use the term Sri Lankan thoroughbreds4for some models the breed has not been registered in the general stud book for horse breeds in the world.The Mount police division mainly participate and hold dominance in equestrian activities in all the major national ceremonies, they are mainly the experts on horse handling and horse training, and to a certain extent have the know how to deal with horse health. They have make horse breeding during early period but not in resent past. They mainly import castrated horses rather than breeding them for their purpose.CHAPTER 4DATAUSING DELFT PONIES TO break up A NATIVE THOROUGHBRED HORSE AND PROBLEMS FACED IN BREEDING HORSES IN SRI LANKASelecting a posture for breeding. Before selection of the sample it has to be confirmed that the type of the ponies (Hot, Warm, Cold blood) and the quality of the genus. This will be a main concern before starting the project. It is very much eventful to locate a site closer to the Peradeniya since there are no any other veterinary experts on horse breeding within the country other than the experts at the Veterinary Faculty of Peradeniya. Space of the location should be sufficient enough to cater more than 20 horses with an area for their activities. This facility should have sufficient number of stables for the horses.Selection and transporting of Delft ponies. Authority should be guarded from the Wild life Conservation to capture wild ponies from Delft Island. Veterinary expertise should be taken when selecting of ponies at Delft with the help of the Veterinary Faculty of Peradeniya to select legal and adequately grown samples. It will be ideal to obtain 5 or more mares as well as stallions.Transporting the animals from the island to the mainland will need expertise support and they will be demand to be transport by road to the location taking time and free adequate rest to the animals. Special pr otection will be needed to take premeditation of their health during transportation. breed methods. There are several methods used to breed horses in the world and each proficiency has advantages and disadvantages. They are as followsNormal mating of the stallion and the mares. This will be the easiest method of reproduction of horses. All the stables in Sri Lanka use this method since it doesnt need any special tools, techniques or training. But this method has disadvantages such as requirement of a healthy good quality stallion and accidents during contact (kicking by the mare).Artificial insemination. This is known to be as a much more secure method. It will emit the risk of having reproduction disabilities of the stallion. And this will abandon change overring quality genes from a required type of a stallion. conceptus Transfer. Flushing out the mares fertilized embryo a few eld after the insemination, and transferring to a ministration mare. This method will require qualif ied veterinary surgeons with the technology, proper equipments and a proper facility.Egg Transfer. Egg is removed from the mare and transferred in to a second mare, which is then bred. This method will also require qualified veterinary surgeons with the technology, proper equipments and a proper facility.Breeding techniques. There are mainly three techniques used during breeding this will enable to transfer required qualities of a particular horse to the new generations.Inbreeding. It is a way of mating two genetically related animals (horse). This can result the number to be effected with unwanted (deleterious) traits.Linebreeding. It is a way of inbreeding, to fix wanted traits of one particular animal (horse) to the next generation.Outcrossing. This technique is used to introduce unrelated genetics in to a breeding line.Selection of the Breeding Method and the technique. Since it is much costly to buy a thoroughbred stallion and considering the risk of failing, the normal matin g will not be considered. The Embryo Transfer and Egg Transfer methods require the technology and the qualified veterinary surgeons therefore Artificial insemination method will be selected to fertilize the mares.ENo 35 JC SCDelft pic2000px-Intense_inbreeding_-_Continuous_sire_to_daughter_mating.svg.pngFigure 1The requirement of developing a new thoroughbred with the genetic traits of the delft ponies will require using Linebreeding technique. The requirement of transferring genetics of the delft ponies with a thoroughbred will be full filed by using this technique, it will transfer genetic traits of delft ponies and thoroughbred to the next generation.The radical concept of the linebreeding is using high quality desirable traits in animal (thoroughbred) (S) to its daughter (D) and again to her daughter (D1) and so on (Figure 1). This will attach the presence of the genes of the set about in the offspring. At the level of the ordinal generation offspring will carry more than 93 % of genes of the father ( display board 1). Further linebreeding will create a near clone of a desirable individual.TableThis technique is commonly used by the horse breeders to rare high quality horses by mixing the genes. Also this method will allow having a clear trace by the comparison with the parents about genes transfer rate and the improvement of the quality of the offspring.Hence it is recommended to use linebreeding with artificial insemination for the beginning of the breeding. Veterinary surgeon Dr Somarathne highlighted the advantages of using linebreeding with artificial insemination which is very much cost effective and much more reliable method for a country like ours.Breeding the mares. Horse semen5is available in the international market. America, Arabia, Australia and joined Kingdom are the main and most reliable and good quality horse semen producers to the international market. Horse semen can be selected by checking quality of the pedigree of the donor stallio n.Figure 2The most of the essence(predicate) thing which will need the veterinary expertise support to carry out will be the artificial insemination. During this process the sperms of a thoroughbred horse will be placed in to a productive tract of a Delft pony. The knowledge of the oestrous cycle (Figure 2) of the mare will luff when the mare is ready for breeding. Normally ovulate every 3 weeks during the natural breeding season. To do the artificial insemination successfully one must identify the fertilizing period of the mare accurately.Picture 5This cycle will be control by the hormones released by the pituitary glands. Mares will start its oestrous cycle at the puberty, which is normally 1 years from birth. After that they are suitable for use for the reproduction. During the artificial insemination process (Picture 5) more than one mare has to be bred to increase the next generation live stock. Artificial insemination will be do by a veterinary surgeon and all the required veterinary procedures will be adopted.ENo 35 JC SCDelft picai.jpgThe Pregnancy. This will be the period that the foetus6is developing within the mares uterus. Special requirement to care for the mare during this period is essential specially giving the proper nutrition. The period from the grooming to birth is known as gestation period. This period is normally 333 to 336 days (11 calendar months) for a mare but it may vary for thoroughbreds as 310 to 374 days. Also environmental factors and nutrition of the foetus may change the length of the pregnancy.Figure 3The pregnant mare will have to be study periodically by a veterinary surgeon to asses and to check the proper growth of the foetus. This will enable to identify dis vagabonds of the foetus if any. The development of the foetus during the pregnancy is presumptuousness in the following diagram (Table 2). It elaborates how the foetuses develop within the womb with the time up to the birth.Day of PregnancyPrimary ontogenesis 124 hours after conception, the conceptus, i.e. the combination of egg and sperm, start to fork into two cells. This cell division continues into 4,16,32,64, ect.6The dividing cell bundle arrives in the uterus and at the same time breaks open its outer bottom and hatches18Fetus now takes on C shape. Gut resistance developing and umbilical cord is identifiable23All the basic body structures, neural tube (central nervous system and brain), pharynx, gut tube and major muscle block are present in a basic from26Forelimb bud and affectionateness now evident40Nostrils seen, ears forming, all limbs are present, and elbow and stifle joints are discernible45External genitalia present63Eyelids fused while eye development continues. Sole and frog areas of hoof evident120 raise hair and eyelashes growing180Tail and mane present320- 355 get of a well developed foal that is capable of walking 20 minutes after birthTableBirth of the foal. Before the foaling process the mare will be separated f rom the other ponies in order to ensure the safety of the foal7. Delivery will be back up naturally under supervision of a veterinary surgeon. A healthy foal can walk within 20 minutes after the birth and it has to be cared and kept separate from the other ponies for safety until it grows 4 weeks. After 4 weeks it will start to eat hay, grass and grain. After 10 weeks it needs more nutrition than the mares milk.When the foal completes one year it is called as a yearling8and sometimes called as colt for male horses and filly for egg-producing(prenominal) horses who are from one to four years of age. Though the filly is suitable for use for the reproduction after 1 years, due to abnormalities that can occur in mares animals at the age of four or more will be used for the reproduction in upgrading process.This same process has to be done to few other ponies to get maximum number of bred horses to be used for the next generation reproduction. Mainly the fillies have to be taken care of for the next generation reproduction and they have to be kept external from other stallions to avoid unnecessary pregnancies. Continuing this process for three generations will allow to rare 7/8 breed as given in the figure 4. The fourth generation of breeding will be a thoroughbred with Delft pony genes.The total of average reproduction time and the time the fillies utilized for the next generation reproduction is given in the following diagram (Table 3).TimeReproduction process1 Year 1 MonthTo transfer from fillies to mare4 Years chalk up5 Years 1 MonthTableProblems faced. The main problem that can face is the time duration that will take place for the linebreeding with artificial insemination. As per the Table 3, it will take more than 5 years to complete the first step up to the half bred horse. To achieve 7/8 bred stage will take 15 years and the thoroughbred more than 20 years.Problems may arise during obtaining authority for such a project from the relevant authorities s ince the wild ponies belong to the wild life department and to obtain and transport them for breeding has to be done with their authority. And the breeding process will be required to have the despite of a permanent or a frequent visiting veterinary surgeon which will incur a very high cost. unavailability of the qualified horse handlers in the country will be another serious problem. To care off more than 10-15 horses will require a staff of nearly 5 men who are trained on the contentedness.Although Artificial insemination is a proven technique in the world for breeding, this method will be used for the first time in the country for this particular animal. There are no references on artificial insemination for horse breeding in the country to refer during this project. Bred3/4 Bred7/8 BredFigure 4CHAPTER 5ANALYSISSince the only major project which was done in 80s was destroyed completely and not any private horse breeder have done this project the right way according to the scie ntific requirements, there are no proof to be shown as the project can be really succeed.According to the horse breeding manuals9and as per the veterinary experts it is possible to develop a new breed using Delft pony and thoroughbred horse. The mixing of genes with a thoroughbred will increase the height of the new offspring and by the fourth generation they will grow beyond 14.5 Hands and will changed the category from pony to horse.The whole programme will be dependent on the blood type of the Delft pony. If it carry cold blood, the expectation on developing a thoroughbred will be much more difficult, time consuming and more costly. But as per the expertise such as Mr Ajith Chitty confirm that they do not belong to cold blood type (No any scientific proof).As per the table 3 it will take more than 20 years to complete four reproduction steps to achieve the thoroughbred horse with Delft pony genes. And since it is done through line breeding, during the third and fourth breeding it will not be practical to find out semen (sperms) of same donor stallion. But during third and fourth breeding using another stallion that is related to the first donor stallion will help out to increase the gene pool of the offspring.As the equestrian activities are very limited among the Sri Lankans the sample taken for the questionnaire was very narrow, but the qualifications, experience and the knowledge on the subject of the sample taken was very high. According to the questionnaire (Annex A) distributed among the sample the following results were obtained.TableTableTableCHAPTER 6CONCLUSIONSince there are no any past records of a project of this nature, this proje

Mentoring Theory Analysis

Mentoring conjecture AnalysisThe aim of this report is to investigate and analyse instructing system and methods so that valid conclusions stinkpot be drawn on the ideal instructing approaching. This psychoanalysis everyow be utilised in a real-life instructing scenario with a throng of ELB007 students.Mentoring bathroom occur in an assortment of situations including in education, starting fresh jobs, further training and phylogenesis of personnel. In these scenarios, the mentor generally lead retain more than(prenominal) experience and is easily approach adapted and accessible for the mentee. social club in the 21st century swal minor provoken up with the effect that they essentialiness constantly pursue the advice of an new(prenominal)(a)(prenominal) people. It is more common for an case-by-caseist to have multiple mentors the traditional older mentors that also ally mentors and coaches. In this era, mentorship is reck aned as a both- centering road and takes more payload and patience to guide young adults of today. The mentoring relationship that is positive should be reciprocally ripe where both sides argon expected to contribute to one an other(a)s destructions and expectations. A crucial component of a prosperous mentoring relationship is having both the mentor and mentee to have an openness to multifariousnesss and ar eager to learn.1This typewrite of relationship discharge be valu fit when the progression of the mentee depends on their development of additional skills. 2 This is because it en ables them to play up more study and gain valuable advice and support compulsory to grow themselves in both a personalised and overlord way. Some situations do not easily allow for developing objective advice, help and support. Having a mentoring escape within an organization incorporates all these important services.A mentor is an undergo and boldnessed advisor (Collins English Dictionary, 2016). another(prenomina l) definition of a mentor and its role, more particularally in the business sector takesAn employee training constitution under which a senior or more experienced single(a) (the mentor) is assign to act as an advisor, counselor, or guide to a immature or trainee. The mentor is responsible for providing support to, and feed bear out on, the individual in his or her charge. 3People perceive mentoring in slightly varied ways depending on their experience and the use of the mentor-mentee relationship. In addition to this, each organisation has different definitions of mentoring but, within an organisation, everyone possesses the same understanding of what is expected of a mentor in that specific scheme. 4For this report, the focus is on assembly mentoring as it is what impart be vomit into practice with the Part B students. This type of mentoring differs from the typical one-to-one. gathering get words linked to mathematical separate mentoring enhance the learning of con tributionicipants and develop an understanding of how teams operate. looking for at the history of mentoring and its origins, Greek mythology depicts the setoff insight of a mentor. This can be seen in one of the Greek meters written by Homer. The poem Odyssey describes the journey home of a Greek hero after the overstep of Troy. Odyssey, the king of Ithaca, was a Greek hero that en sended the c atomic number 18 of his household to a man named Mentor whilst he was away fighting in the trojan War. In the poem, mentor serves as a teacher and overseer of Odysseus son, Telemachus. In time, Telemachus ventures in search of his father whilst genus Athene, Goddess of war, accompanies him and in doing so, undertakes the form of Mentor. 5From this, the word mentor has evolved to mean trusted advisor, friend, teacher and wise person. Human development relies on versatile forms of mentoring where one person invests time, energy and personal k instantly-how in assisting the harvest-tide a nd susceptibility of another person. Whilst this is the perceived origin of the term mentor, there are alternative ideas which ordain be discussed further into this report. There are certain(p) qualities in which a mentor moldiness have in ordain to accomplish a successful mentoring relationship. The main qualities include world perceptive, a motivator, have the ability to advise and instruct with bulge out interfering, and lowestly being able to listen, question and feedback to the mentees.In modern day times, coaching and mentoring get apply interchangeably but have major differences which are often overlooked. teach is an enabling and assist extremity whereas mentoring is entirely a supportive one. Mentors must act objectively when discussing situations with their mentees and allowing the mentees to explore their own idea to achieve a solution is imperative. 6In this section, the methods and theories of mentoring result be investigated. As explained in section 3.0, th e concept of mentoring has been around for many an(prenominal) years which has allowed for vast speculation and a wide range of conceptual theories to be created. Many theorists such(prenominal) as Kram, Levinson and Erikson have contrasting theories towards the concept of mentoring.Levinson created his theory in the 1970s where it saw mentoring as a single and hierarchical relationship among two people. Kram, another theorist, also gibed with this mentality and it was altogether in the 2000s that other concepts were develop by Williams and Baugh indicating that there are many types of mentoring including company mentoring. pursuance on from this development, Kram updated her theory to agree with this new-found approach. looking for more into Krams mentoring theories, she alluded towards a compressed concept which highlighted the two main functions of mentoring being for psychological support and vital for career development. The mentoring relationship would start with l earning each others learning port and habits followed by the mentee learning from the mentor leading to career advancement. This concept focuses on role- getling, counselling and friendship to be successful.Similar to this, Levinsons theory developed in the 1970s suggests that mentors function as guides and counsellors. This theory implies that both sides of the mentoring relationship to win. The mentee gains fundamental knowledge and the mentor gains a sense of well-being from passing on their knowledge to the abutting generation. 7 This sense of well-being is also confirmed in the theory created by Erikson. This frame calculate states that he mentors main concern is to engraft and guide the next generation finished nurture. 8The article written from the channel of view of a Marxist feminist suggests different perspectives of the Odyssey poem by Homer. It implicates Athena as being a mentor numeral as well as the advisor, Mentor. Athena provides support to Telemachus on his journey to lay Odyssey. She possesses caring and selfless traits, both of which are expected in the mentoring figure of today. This judgement of the poem provides a modern-day outlook of the mentoring concept and aligns with the theories provided by Kram and Erikson which were mentioned above. From the article, mentor is considered in diverse ways.To continue with the theory that Athena was more of a mentor, it is suggested that in the Greek myth, Mentor was a fallible man. The goddess Athena was required to intervene with Mentors role to prevent dis wander. In Greek mythology, gods and goddess are expected to do everything possible to keep order amongst the people. Athenas actions prove that she was a true mentor as recognised by the people of today. She utilize her powers to ensure the continuation of a man controlled society by helping Telemachus locate his father and thus preventing his mother taking over jurisdiction. subsequently in history, as described in the article, men toring changes from being a raw(a) human function. This enhancement comes from investigating relationships between exceptional people such as Socrates and Plato. These relationships contain an emotional bond which is not spoken of in the Odyssey poem but is anticipated in modern-day mentoring. Levinsons theory, complies with the Odyssey evidence which depicts that only the wealthy (powerful) could have successful mentoring relationships. This idea has progressed byout the ages and it can now be proven that this mentoring relationship also ca-cas with the powerful mentoring the weak and the weak mentoring the weak. Weak and powerful people can be specify through a variety of ways including social status, knowledge, age and professional standing within an organisation. Mentoring interactions in the modern era must be based upon a certain level of trust between the members. It can be seen through this article as well as with the theorists concepts that mentoring has progressed imme nsely over the years. 5As stated in section 2.0, the mentoring analysis give take place on a Part B project group. This type of mentoring is different to the typical one-on-one relationship. There are many ways to approach group mentoring including facilitated group mentoring, peer-group mentoring and finally team mentoring. Facilitated group mentoring allows people to participate in a learning group and benefit from the experience and expertise of the mentor. The richness of the experience multiplies as each group participant brings personal experiences into the conversation. The facilitator asks questions to keep the dialogue thought-provoking and meaningful, shares their own personal experiences, provides feedback and serves as a sounding board. Peer-group mentoring brings together peers with similar learning interests or necessitate. The group is self-directed and self-managed. Finally, team mentoring offers a methodology for facilitating the learning of an integral team. Tog ether team individuals articulate determinations and take in simultaneously with mentors who guide them through the process. This allows the team to be supported and to learn from each others experience and knowledge.Having discussed mentoring theories already in this section, the next part is based on methods of mentoring which have been developed over the years. Some of these relate to the theories created and similarities can be drawn from all the methods about to be deliberated. These methods all agree on key skills needed to be an useful mentor which include active listening, advising, receptiveness and the ability to question the mentee through inputting but not dominating the reciprocation. When the mentee starts to question the mentor, that is when trust has been built. 6Eric Parsloe provided a mentoring present consisting of four heads. The first stage involves identifying the development needs and objectives of the mentee. This is the stage where the mentor and mente e will build a rapport that will enable them to establish a mutual understanding of how each other work. The first skirmish allows both people to gain each others trust and to share the expectations of what they wish to achieve from the relationship. In doing so, any disappointment will be bared. The next stage focuses on encouragement of the mentee to carry out the actions independently that were determined upon in the first meeting. During the next few meetings, a timetable of meetings should be drawn up and the mentor needs to recognise the development and learning needs of the mentee and how these can be achieved. The third phase of Parsloes model illustrates that the mentor needs to help the mentee execute their actions by guiding them and fling advice and drawing on previous experiences. After the objectives of the mentee have been met, an evaluation meeting should take place to critically analyse the process and the relationship that has been established. 4 Organisations s hould monitor the progress of relationships as they develop to maintain a smooth and effective process and to identify and adapt to potential concentratedies at an early stage.another(prenominal) mentoring model is GROW Goals, Reality statement, Obstacles and Way forward. This model can be considered a map guiding mentoring partnerships from their current position through to their final destination. GROW provides a structured approach which permits the mentees to find solutions to their problems. It has been used since the mid-eighties and allows for a safe understanding of what is to be expected of the group. A goal is created by using the SMART principles. Every goal decided upon must be specific, measureable, agreed, realistic and timed. A world statement can be generated to illustrate how far away the mentee is from the GOAL. After this, the mentee needs to find the obstacles that are stopping them from reaching their goal. Obstacles can be found in the mentees environment, resources or privation of and the terminus ad quems in knowledge and experience. The last step in the model is isolating the way forward. 10 This is completed by selecting the most usurp sequences and combinations of options that will enable the mentee to fulfil all the goals. The path chosen needs to be specific and detailed so that the progress can be gauged.Another model in stock(predicate) for mentoring that was also created in the 1980s is the CLEAR model. This was developed by Peter Hawkins and relies on the activities Contracting, Listening, Exploring, Action and Review. Contracting is similar to the goal making of the GROW model. An open reciprocation takes place in order to establish the desired outcomes of both the project and from the mentoring relationship. Listening is the next part of the CLEAR model. In mentoring, listening is one of the most important skills that a mentor needs to possess. After listening, exploring allows the mentor to challenge the mentee on their thoughts. When doing this, reproach needs to be kept simple and constructive in this stage by concentrating on the mentees behaviour and not their personal attributes. Action ensues the geographic expedition and supports the mentee in choosing the next steps. After this, a review is carried out which reinforces what has been cover in the meetings and the decisions made. 11 Furthermore, a review also highlights what needs to be ameliorate and altered in the mentoring relationship so that both parties gain maximum benefit from the partnership. The final review phase is crucial to dictate in store(predicate) meetings. In carrying out either of these models, the motivation of the mentee will increase as well as their building upon their self-confidence.The mentoring relationship can be view upon as a system. When taking systems theory approach to mentoring, one must first understand a system. Systems are interrelated and interact with their environments and through these inte ractions, they evolve much alike the mentoring relationship. It is first necessary to understand the individual system elements as well as the relationships between them. set this into a mentoring context, one mentoring session often has the ability to create an immediate change in an individual. This changed individual will react to the environment in a different way and therefore causes an impact on the environment as well as others that inhabit that environment. A possible implication of applying this theory is the suggestion that individuals should not be coached or mentored in isolation but always in the context of the group (system) in which they work. 4During the lectures given on this module, the Moore method was discussed. After further research, it can be seen that this method of mentoring is held in high regard across the academic sector and within teaching. The Moore Method is a Socratic method of teaching and was developed by Robert downwind Moore in the early 1900s. Its main principle draws on encouraging students to make problems using their own skills of critical analysis and creativity. 12 This method worked by Moore heavy(a) his students a theorem and making them come up with a solution without the help of him or other students in the same class. In turn, the students who had a credible solution would write it on the board. If an error was found in their solution, the other students will be called upon to find a correction. Where students made improvements on the theorems, they would be rewarded by having their name referred to alongside that theorem.Moore was opposed to ridicule and instead further the students to be open with their solutions without the fear of being put down if they were incorrect. For the more timid students, he would involve them in class discussion and they would step by step gain the confidence to also write their solutions on the board in front of the class. However, the greatest struggle of the Moore Method is patience. When a student is try or not has run out of ideas, the mentor or teacher must wait for them to figure out the problem on their own. The mentor must take a back seat for this method to work as it should. The main points to take from this method include the mentoring needing to be over surefooted in their approach from the beginning. This will immediately improve the trust in the mentoring relationship. An additional point is for the mentee to realise that most solutions will come faster and easier than others. 13For this report, it was necessary to put the researched mentoring methods into practice. Each Part B group were assigned a pair of Part D mentors. This type of assignment was a means of development for both the mentor and the mentee.In this instance, the Part D mentors were told to take the approach of an individual mentoring a group rather than a group mentoring a group. The module leaders for both ELB007 and ELD033 arranged appropriate times and dates for the mentors to meet their groups for the first time. The first meeting with the Part B group was a chance for everyone to get to know each other and to start building a rapport. This would be vital for a successful mentoring relationship. Gaining a certain level of trust would enable the Part B group together or as individual to easily approach the mentor and ask questions freely. In addition to this, a brief discussion took place to indicate the reason for the part D mentors to be knotted in the Part B project and how beaver to utilise having such an asset readily available for the group.In addition to the introductions and exchange of hit details, this first meeting ensued a topic was chosen and the goals of the project were outlined. It was decided that the main form of communication would be through the mobile application, WhatsApp. This is a messaging application that allowed the mentors and mentees to communicate with each other as and when required. This could be for arrangin g other meetings or catching up with missed information or even asking questions about their part of the report which was unclear.As the mentor, listening to the discussion taking place allowed for an assessment of the group dynamics to take place. The group was put together randomly and after the first meeting it still hadnt become clear the roles in which the members would individually play. Naturally, a leader will form in a group of this type who will take control of the situation and organise the group. There were a few contenders for this position in the group as they all seemed confident with the task ahead. To settle this meeting, future times and dates of meetings were agreed to ensure the best availability for the majority of the people involved. Successful mentoring practice requires both parties agree on the purpose and extent of the relationship including the means, frequency and how confidentiality will be maintained. 1 In these group projects, a limitation that can b e identify is the difficulty of finding a time suitable for everyone to be available for a meeting.Amidst these meetings, it can clearly be seen that the GROW method has started to be exploited. The above paragraph outlined the first two stages Identifying goals and creating a reality statement. These stages were alluded to by employing questions as prompts. To help the Part B students realise specific goals, questions such as what do you want to achieve? and What are your objects? were asked. pursuance on from these, they were asked what stage they were currently at and a self-assessment was requested so that the group and mentor understood their positioning in the project and the next steps that needed to be taken.Furthermore, limitations within the group include having hold in knowledge of systems methods, and the lack of understanding of the topic and overall project. This type of limitation can induce the phenomenon of group think back. This can occur when a group makes amis s(p) decisions because group pressures lead to a deterioration of mental efficiency and righteous judgement. A group is especially vulnerable when its members are similar in background and when the group is insulated from outside opinions. 13 The Part B group have similar backgrounds when it comes to knowledge of the topic therefore careful observations need to be made and advisement form the mentor needs to be voiced clearly but not in an overpowering manner. For mentoring to work, as discussed in previous sections, the mentor needs to be passive in the meetings and avoid dominating their opinions over the group discussion.In the meetings that followed, each member of the group took responsibility of a section from the chosen topic to work on over the coming weeks leading up to the deadline. During this time, a problem occurred with one of the group members who was unable to complete their section of the report. This was overcome with a discussion with the lecturer and with all t he group members agreeing to pick up components of the missing section. As a newly formed group the bonding was easily achieved and everyone able to complete their work, did so in the allotted time.These meetings just described conclude the GROW method by having the group assess their options and a way forward. This, again, was prompted by the mentor by asking the following types of questionsWhat can you do to bridge the gap?Who can help?What do you need?What are the actions?What is the timing plan and actions following?These enabled the group to gain a full understanding of the project and its direction. This method also included informal mentoring techniques receivable to the setting and scenario that had been arranged.To reflect on this study, there are many benefits as well as some disadvantages that came from this mentoring project. To start with, being able to work with a group and form a relationship with them allowed us, as mentors, to put into practice some of the approach es that had been researched. This embedded the skills that had been learnt throughout the process and it could easily be seen which methods were more effective than others.However, the process had its disadvantages. To begin with the group did not to the full comprehend the extent at which the Part D mentors would be able to assist them in their report even after discussing the reasons behind being involved in the meetings. Having previous knowledge.This was the mentors first time at mentoring a group. To begin with, not knowing the individuals in the group was intimidating and it was difficult for them to initiate the mentoring relationship. A possible alteration for this could have been one-to-one mentoring sessions to begin with the project was started to fully form bonds between the individuals.The mentors personality is not as outgoing as others may have been so asking questions and cause the group proved more difficult and the mentor was reluctant, at some points, to catech ize for answers. However, this did not prevent the mentor from taking a back seat in the meetings and becoming an active listener. If the individuals in the group had questions, the mentor would be able to clearly advise them towards a proper solution. This mentoring process can be seen to correspond with the Moores method.Additionally, more meetings could have been arranged by the group to make full use of the mentors expertise. It is noticeable by the result obtained that there were parts of the report where the mentors knowledge and experience would have helped them obtain a greater result. There were occasions where the mentor ended up invited themselves to the group meetings once a suitable time had surpassed without contact. In the work place, the mentee would normally arrange the meetings with the mentor. This is done as the mentor would not have the time to continuously question if the mentee needed advising or had any questions. In this situation, the mentor had other commi tments which took priority over chasing up the group for meetings.Looking back over the whole process, the actions that this mentor would do differently includeAsking more questions.Prompting more contact time with the group.Putting aside more time to get to know the group.Encouraging them to think outside of the box and discuss ideas at meetings as a group rather than trying to work as individuals.By fully employing a method with similar principles as the Moores method, it will enable the above changes to be adopted with ease. Consistently applying this type of approach will make for a more successful mentoring experience.Would have been hard to put the mentoring techniques into practice with the lack of communicatingThe information I have gathered through the various research I have undertaken for this assignment, indicates that mentoring is a two-way mutually beneficial learning situation where the mentor provides advice, shares knowledge and experiences, and teaches using a low pressure, self-discovery approach. It can be seen that each mentoring scheme within different organisations will vary and the techniques which the mentors will undertake will also differ between mentoring individuals. The methods and theories discussed have been adapted to the changes in society over time.

Association of Lipid Profile in Pregnancy with Pre-eclampsia

tie beam of lipoide Profile in gestation period period with Pre-eclampsia connector of lipoid Profile in Pregnancy with Pre-eclampsia, gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Preterm deliveryBabita Ghodke*,1, Raghuram Puskuru2, Varshil Mehta3, Kunal Bhuta41Associate Professor, 2Senior Resident, 3Intern, 4Junior Resident subdivision of Medicine, MGM Medical College, Navi Mumbai, India.AbstractIntroduction During last two trimesters of pregnancy, glucose is sp ared (for the foetus) era the tightness of roly-poly pudding acids in plasma increases which can create complications desire preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus and preterm delivery.Aim To champaign the association of blood blood serum lipoide takes during sulphur and leash trimester with the development of pregnancy associated diseases like preeclampsia, GDM and preterm.Methods and Materials The benefaction field of operation was carried out at MGM Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India. 200 antenatal cases from Octob er, 2012 to October 2014 were enrolled after taking an informed consent. Statistical analyses were performed victimization Statistical Pack long time for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. descendly reported p- determine are two-tailed, and self-assertion intervals were calcu easyd at the 95% level.Results In pre-eclamptic patients, the concoct systolic Blood Pressure was 151.40 mm/Hg and flirt with diastolic beginning pressure was 74.03 mm/Hg in troika trimester. In pre-eclamptic patients, the soaked serum triglyceride levels in minute of arc trimester was 204.00 mg/dl go 243.20 md/dl in terce trimester. In Gestational Diabetes Mellitus patients, the loaded serum triglyceride was 214.33 mg/dl in second trimester while 230.50 mg/dl in ternion trimester. In patients with preterm, the mean triglycerides levels 212.83 mg/dl and 240.16 mg/dl in second and troika trimester respectively. In pre-eclamptic patients the mean serum cholesterol levels in second trimester was 210 mg/dl, while in tierce trimester, it was 243.60 mg/dl. In GDM patients, the mean serum cholesterol was 223.50 mg/dl and 242.83 mg/dl in second and leash trimester respectively. 213.33 mg/dl and 243.66 mg/dl were the means cholesterol levels in second and trio trimester respectively in patients with preterm. turn up of total 200 patients 168 had no complications, while 20 10% had preeclampsia, 6 3% had Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and 6 3% had preterm deliveries.ConclusionAn association in the midst of maternal early pregnancy triglyceridaemia, and the ensuant insecurity of pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes and preterm deliveries was observed. Occurrence of Preeclampsia, Gestational Diabetes and Preterm deliveries cannot be predicted based on the value of Serum cholesterin, HDL-cholesterin, LDL-cholesterin and VLDL-Cholesterol. Hence bringing close together of lipoid profile is powerfully recommended during pregnancy to prevent deleterious effect of hyper lipidaemia ass ociated with pregnancy.Keywords Lipid Profile, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Preterm, Preeclampsia, Pregnancy related disease.1. IntroductionPregnancy is a physiological movement which causes profound changes in the body. It premises to an increase in demands for metabolic fuels and to a fault causes revise in hormonal levels which may cause hardly a(prenominal) changes in lipid profile during pregnancy 1.During last two trimesters, glucose is spared (for the foetus) while the concentration of fatty acids in plasma increases which leads to Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) and Gestational Hypertension (GHTN) respectively. Freinkel had described this touch on as accelerated starvation, and facilitated anabolism 2.GDM and GHTN can lead to peri and postpartum complications. Pregnancy is often also complicated with diseases which can hamper Cardio-Vascular System. GDM and GHTN are few of them which can develop type 2 diabetes and systemic hypertension in later part of life 3,4.I n our previous study, we showed that total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol increases in last two trimesters. The increase is even greater in third trimester, when compared to the second. However, HDL-Cholesterol levels are decreased in third trimester when compared to that of second. The study concluded that the estimation of lipid profile is lastly recommended during pregnancy due to its association with high levels of triglycerides which may lead to Pre-eclampsia, GDM and preterm delivery 5.The present study is a lengthiness of our previous study and here, it evaluates the clinical meaning of the lipid profile level in pregnancy and its effect on the development of pregnancy bring on diseases like GDM, pre-eclampsia and preterm.2. AimTo study the association of serum lipid levels during second and third trimester with the development of pregnancy associated diseases like preeclampsia, GDM and preterm.3. Material, Methods, Ethics, Statistical Analys is, inclusion and Exclusion CriteriaThe present study is a continuation of our previous study and the material, methods, ethics, inclusion and exclusion criteria could be obtained from our previous study 5. In brief, the present study was conducted at Mahatma Gandhi Mission Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India. A total of 200 big(predicate) local women were enrolled from October 2012 to 2014. Out of the 200 subjects, 10 developed GHTN in late third trimester which was detected after 3second week during follow-up which were also included. The venous blood sample was collected from all subjects for measurement of lipid profile in the 16th week and 3second week of gestation for analysis.All pregnant women with a singleton pregnancy with a gestational age of 13-28 weeks, irrespective of parity and gravida were included. Pregnant women in whom hypertension (HTN) was detected in advance 14 weeks and those with diseases or complications like chronic HTN, Diabetes, Renal Disorders and Thyroid Di sorders, obstetric and Foetal Complications (Hydrops foetalis, congenital foetal anomalies) were excluded.Statistical analyses were performed using Statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0. All reported P values are two-tailed, and sureness intervals were calculated at the 95% level. The data was presented using frequencies, percentages, descriptive statistics followed by charts and graphs. Level of substance was set at 5%. All p-values less than 0.05 were treated as significant.4. ResultsThe mean age of patients was 24.87 years with a SD of 2.7 years. The minimum age was 18 years and the maximum age was 30 years.4.1 Blood PressureThe mean Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) in second trimester was 117.03 mm/Hg with a SD of 10.33 mm/Hg. In third trimester, it was increase to 120.77 with a SD of 14.675.In pre-eclamptic patients, the mean SBP was 151.40 with a SD 6.05. (p =0.00) in third trimester. there was a highly significant statistical difference in the mean blo od pressure values among natural and pre-eclamptic women in third trimester.The mean Diastolic Blood Pressure in our study in third trimester was 72.11 mm/Hg with a SD of 6.88 mm/Hg. In third trimester, the mean SBP was increase to 74.03 with a SD of 8.616. In pre-eclamptic patients the mean was 92.00 with a SD 2.59 (p =0.00). at that place was a highly significant statistical difference in the mean blood pressure values among normal and pre-eclamptic women in third trimester. Out of total 200 patients 168 had no complications, while 20 had preeclampsia, 6 had GDM and 6 had preterm deliveries.4.2 Association of Triglycerides with Preeclampsia, GDM and PretermThe below gameboard (figure 1) indicates the 95% confidence interval for triglyceride levels for patients with final results of Preeclampsia, GDM and Preterm. The mean triglyceride level in second trimester was 188.68 mg/dl with a metre deviation of 20.88 mg/dl. In third trimester, the mean triglyceride (TG) level was incre ased to 216.78 mg/dl with a standard deviation of 20.09 mg/dl 5.In pre-eclamptic patients, the mean serum triglyceride levels in second trimester was 204.00 with a SD 18.904 (p =0.00), while in third trimester, the mean was 243.20 with a SD of 15.58 (p =0.00). There was significant statistical significance observed between serum triglyceride levels and pre-eclampsia in two second and third trimesters (figure 1). issueTrimester imagineNSDSEM95 % CI commence BoundUpper BoundPreeclampsia due south Trimester204.002018.904.23195.71212.29Third Trimester243.202015.583.48236.37250.03GDM morsel Trimester214.33618.647.61199.42229.25Third Trimester230.50617.036.95216.88244.12PretermSecond Trimester212.83611.994.90203.24222.43Third Trimester240.1767.733.16233.98246.35Figure 1. Association of Triglycerides with Preeclampsia, GDM and Preterm4.3 Association of Cholesterol with Preeclampsia, GDM and PretermThe below table (figure 2) indicates the 95% confidence interval for cholesterol levels for patients with outcomes of Eclampsia, GDM and Preterm.In pre eclamptic patients the mean serum cholesterol levels in second trimester was 210.75 with a SD 24.248 (p =0.320), in third trimester, the mean was 243.60 with a SD of 25.84 (p =0.826). There was no statistical significance observed between serum cholesterol and pre-eclampsia in two second and third trimesters.Compared to the normal value of 200mg/dl, cholesterol level is raise in normal pregnancy. In pre- eclamptic women cholesterol level is embossed to a greater extent than the values in normal pregnancy.OutcomeTrimesterNMeanSDSEM95% CILower BoundUpper BoundPreeclampsia2nd Trimester20210.7524.255.42199.401222.10third Trimester20243.6025.855.78231.50255.69GDM2nd Trimester6223.5025.1610.27197.09249.90third Trimester6242.8327.1411.08214.35271.31Preterm2nd Trimester6213.3320.238.25192.10234.553rd Trimester6243.6627.20011.10215.12272.21Figure 2. Association of Cholesterol with Preeclampsia, GDM and Preterm4.4 Association of H DL Cholesterol with Preeclampsia, GDM and PretermThe below table (figure 3) indicates the 95% confidence interval for HDL cholesterol levels for patients with outcomes of Preeclampsia, GDM and Preterm.In third trimester, the mean serum HDL Cholesterol (HDL-C) level in normal patients was 42.78 with a SD of 4.31, in pre eclamptic patients the mean was 45.60 with a SD 4.12 Compared to the normal value of 40-60 mg/dl, HDL-Cholesterol level is at bottom normal range in normal pregnancy. In pre-eclamptic women HDL-C level was high than normal pregnancy but within normal range.In pre eclamptic patients the mean serum HDL Cholesterol levels in second trimester was 51.8 with a SD 5.8 (p =0.040), in third trimester, the mean was 45.60 with a SD of 4.1 (p =0.006). There was significant statistical significance observed between serum HDL -Cholesterol and pre-eclampsia in two second and third trimesters.OutcomeTrimesterNMeanSDSEM95% CILower BoundUpper BoundPreeclampsia2nd Trimester2051.80 5.841.3049.0654.533rd Trimester2045.604.12.9243.6747.52GDM2nd Trimester652.007.072.8844.5759.423rd Trimester641.167.272.9733.5248.80Preterm2nd Trimester649.006.132.5042.5655.433rd Trimester645.504.031.6441.2649.73Figure 3. Association of HDL Cholesterol with Preeclampsia, GDM and Preterm4.5 Association of LDL Cholesterol with Preeclampsia, GDM and PretermThe below table (figure 4) indicates the 95% confidence interval for LDL cholesterol levels for patients with outcomes of Preeclampsia, GDM and Preterm.In third trimester, the mean serum LDL-Cholesterol level in normal patients was 137.80 with a SD of 13.67, in preeclamptic patients the mean was 137.80 with a SD 11.5. Compared to the normal value of 130 mg/dl 5, triglyceride level is raised in normal pregnancy. In preeclamptic women LDL-C level was same as in normal pregnancy (figure 4). In preeclamptic patients the mean serum LDL-C levels in second trimester was 92.7 with a SD 18.2 (p =0.943), in third trimester, the mean was 137 .8 with a SD of 11.5 (p =0.996). There was no significant statistical significance observed between serum LDL-C levels and pre-eclampsia in both second and third trimesters.OutcomeTrimesterNMeanSDSEM95% CILower BoundUpper BoundPreeclampsia2nd Trimester2092.7018.224.0784.17101.233rd Trimester20137.8011.592.59132.37143.22GDM2nd Trimester696.8331.3912.8163.89129.773rd Trimester6150.169.884.03139.79160.54Preterm2nd Trimester684.506.122.5078.0790.923rd Trimester6127.8310.644.34116.66139.00Figure 4. Association of LDL Cholesterol with Preeclampsia, GDM and Preterm4.6 Association of VLDL Cholesterol with Eclampsia, GDM and PretermThe below table (figure 5) indicates the 95% confidence interval for VLDL cholesterol levels for patients with outcomes of Eclampsia, GDM and Preterm.In third trimester, the mean serum VLDL-Cholesterol (VLDL-C) level in normal patients was 35.88 with a SD of 6.5, in pre eclamptic patients the mean was 39.7 with a SD 7.1. Compared to the normal value of 35 mg/dl 5, VLDL-C level is raised in normal pregnancy. In pre- eclamptic women VLDL-C level was increased more than that in normal pregnancy.In pre eclamptic patients the mean serum VLDL-C levels in second trimester was 30.9 with a SD 7.9 (p =0.93), in third trimester, the mean was 39.7 with a SD of 7.1 (p =0.016). There was no significant statistical significance observed between serum VLDL-C levels and pre-eclampsia in second trimester but significance was found in third trimesters.OutcomeTrimesterNMeanSDSEM95% CILower BoundUpper BoundEclampsia2nd Trimester2030.957.931.7727.2334.663rd Trimester2039.707.111.5936.3643.03GDM2nd Trimester627.166.012.4520.8533.473rd Trimester634.005.652.3028.0639.93Preterm2nd Trimester625.663.981.6221.4829.843rd Trimester636.836.962.8429.5244.14Figure 5. Association of VLDL Cholesterol with Eclampsia, GDM and Preterm4.7 Mean values of lipid parameters with outcome in 2nd and 3rd trimesterThe mean values of Serum cholesterol, Serum TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, VLDL-C are given in figures 6 and 7.TrimesterOutcomeSerum Cholesterol mg/dlSerum Triglycerides mg/dlHDL-CHOLESTEROL mg/dlLDL-CHOLESTEROL mg/dlVLDL-CHOLESTEROL mg/dlSecond TrimesterPreeclampsia210.75204.0051.8092.7030.95GDM223.50214.3352.0096.8327.16Preterm213.33212.8349.0084.5025.66Third TrimesterPreeclampsia243.60243.2045.60137.8039.70GDM242.83230.5041.16150.1634.00Preterm243.66240.1645.50127.8336.83Figure 6. Mean values of lipid parameters with outcome in 2nd and 3rd trimesterFigure 7. Comparison of Lipid parameters between second and third trimester4.9 Complications outcome distributionOut of total 200 patients 168 had no complications, while 20 10% had preeclampsia, 6 3% had Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and 6 3% had preterm deliveries (Figure 8).ComplicationNo of CasesPercentageNo Complication16884%Pre-eclampsia2010%GDM63%Preterm63%Total200100%Figure 8. distribution according to Complications5. DiscussionHypercholesterolemia is known to cause excessive lipid peroxidation and coexistent diminution in antioxidant activity which may result in an imbalance between peroxidases and antioxidants, leading to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress and steep atherogenic index may lead to atherogenicity in Pre-eclampsia 6.5.1 TriglyceridesIn a study conducted by Arnon Wiznitzer et. al., to prove the association of lipid levels during gestation with preeclampsia and GDM in 9911 pregnant women, they observed that the composite endpoint (GDM or preeclampsia) occurred in 1209 women (12.2%). During the index pregnancy, GDM was diagnosed in 638 women (6.4%) while Preeclampsia was diagnosed in 625 pregnancies (6.3%) 7.In a study by Lorentzen et al., it was observed that the mean triglyceride concentrations of pre-eclampsia patients were higher than normal pregnant women at 16-18 weeks 8.Later, a large prospective cohort study conducted in Norway by Clausen et al. (2001) also demonstrated that women with triglycerides above 212 mg/dL (2.4 mmol/L) had a five-fold increased risk (95% CI 1.1-23.1) of early onset pre-eclampsia (onset before 34 weeks) compared with those with triglycerides levels 133 mg/dL 9.A study through by S. Niromanesh et. al., to compare the outcomes of forty five pregnant women who had high TG levels (195 mg/dl) with 135 pregnant women having TG levels 10.In a study done by Kandimalla et. al., comprising 156 pregnant women attending antenatal clinic visits were included prior to 20 weeks and were analysed for lipid levels. 102 participants were followed until delivery and were monitored for pre-eclampsia. They reported that mean triglyceride levels were found significantly higher in the pre-eclampsia group. Women with triglycerides above 130 mg/dL had increased risk of pre-eclampsia compared with those with triglycerides levels of 91 mg/dL or less 11.In the present study, compared to the normal value of 150 mg/dl 12, during second trimester, the 95% CI for triglyceride level with Preeclampsia was between 195.71 and 212.29, the 95% CI for trigly ceride level with outcome GDM was between 199.42 and 229.25 while the 95 % CI for triglyceride with preterm outcome was between 203.24 and 222.43. Hence, we can conclude that triglyceride level of more than 195 mg/dl during second trimester can lead to complications like Preeclampsia, and triglycerides greater than 199.42mg/dl lead to GDM and levels above 203.24mg/dl lead to Preterm delivery. During third trimester, the 95% CI for triglyceride level with Preeclampsia was between 236.37 250.03, the 95% CI for triglyceride level with outcome GDM was between 216.88 244.12 and the 95 % CI for triglyceride with preterm outcome was between 233.98 and 246.35. Hence, we can conclude that triglyceride level of more than 236 mg/dl during second trimester can lead to complications like Preeclampsia, triglyceride level of more than 216.88 mg/dl leads to GDM and triglyceride level of more than 233.98mg/dl leads to Preterm delivery (figure 1). Our findings correlate with the findings of a study done by Kandimalla et. al 11.5.2 Cholesterol