Prostitution A Psychological Perspective Sociology Essay

whoredom A mental Perspective Sociology EssayAs psychologists, we hope to see a change in the wellness professions relative silence regarding harlotrys harm to women, as well as a change in the perspective on whoredom held by the whitlow justice system.-Melissa Farley Avnessa Kelly at that place is a lot of debate ab come on whether prostitution should be legalized and regulated or whether the continuing rights(in India and elsewhere) which criminalize the act of brothel keeping, living off the allowance of a prostitute, soliciting or seducing for the purposes of prostitution should remain a punishable offence. The arguments for each side ultimately boil down to the question of why angiotensin-converting enzyme stance over the other? The decision is largely influenced by a persons perception of what benefits decree as well as the exploitative nature of this profession .If prostitution were to be legalized these individuals would become luck of a system that sanctions their bend and also cond iodins the act of exchange cardinals body as well as paying for hinge uponual services. Such a system would be accountable for the repercussions this line has upon its members. For every military control that is sanctioned by law and society at that place exists a re playative in the condition of an transcription or a union that supports the best interest of its employees and ensures their well world. as yet the question that arises in the baptismal font of prostitution is whether the occupation is much(prenominal)(prenominal) that it poses a serious immediate threat to a wo publics psychological and physiological health on a regular continuous basis? if so, then the act of sanctioning such an occupation and creating a system that supports it antedates to a paradox non only in a clean-living sense but also in keeping with the actual negative effects of the occupation versus the benefits of legalizing prostitution.The present publisher is an att empt to gain greater clarity about the potential risks of this occupation. To assess whether commercial brace engagem memorializes provide ultimately suffer traumatic experiences to such an extent that their psychological and horny health will prevent them from leading functional productive companionable and healthy lives.Some might argue that traumatic experiences or harmful effects be faced by individuals in diverse other professions such as the military, warfare journalism, psychiatry, medical science or people working in factories where they ar undefended to harmful substances on a daily basis. Thus these occupations argon also a great hit for concern. However prostitution has been depict as an act which is intrinsically traumatizing to the person being prostituted.(Farley et al, 1988)Researchers form order that 92% of people interviewd express that they wanted to leave prostitution .Also it has been report that Sexual and other natural force play is the normat ive experience for women in prostitution (Baldwin, 1992 Farley and Barkan, 1998 Hunter, 1994 Silbert and Pines, 1982)In light of such evidence one can hardly suggest that prostitution is an occupation that an individual would willingly recrudesceicipate in if she sincerely yours had other option or was entirely awargon of the health risk involved.Infact Silbert and her colleagues(1982) have described a psychological paralysis of prostituted women, characterized by immobility, acceptance of victimization, hope littleness, and an inability to bring the opportunity to change, which consequents from the inescapable military group they encountered throughout their lives (Silbert Pines, 1982). gibe to Farley (2006) harlotry is informal violence that results in massive stinting profit for roughly of its culprits. The raise industry, like other global enterprises, has domestic and inter earthal sectors, marketing sectors, a range of material locations out of which it ope set up s in each community, is controlled by many different owners and managers, and is constantlyexpanding as technology, law, and public opinion permit. She raise sievees that prostitution as a profession is rife with every imaginable type of forcible and conjure upual violence.If prostitution is to be legalized, would it then become a recognized profession such as teaching, management, law etc? Would it be part of a cargoner guidance course, would the individuals tenanted in this occupation be case-hardened with the same respect, dignity and rights that argon allotted to others? Although it remains a personal choice to judge other human being, collective morality exists in every society and forms the basis for norms and looks in that society. Legalization of prostitution would condone an act that is considered inhumane by many yet legalization might afford split right to prostitutes and improve their standard of living. This debate eventually turns into a circular argument that requires a inborn approach rather than an objective methodology applied to all other aspects of human science. It becomes a subject area of safety and humanity rather than a debate of legality and morality. Hence from the authors perspective a Psychological study aimed at evaluating the mental health of prostitutes and determining to what extent this correlates to their occupation will indeed confer to the argument and perhaps indicate how one can decide the matter of whether prostitution should be legalized and gum olibanum condoned by government and subsequently (but unlikely) be accepted morally or whether we must at some point accept that the oldest profession in the world has seriously contributed to the psychopathology of women engaged in this profession.There are several different perspectives on prostitution that have been discussed and documented. The perspective that prostitution is violence against women has been described and critiqued by Jeffreys (2000).She argues that that electric shaver and adult prostitution are inextricably interlinked, both in personnel (the women and children work together), in terms of the ab using uprs (who make no distinctions), in the harm they cause and in that both exemplify harmful traditional behaves which must be ended.Another perspective suggests that in recent decades prostitution has been industrialized and globalized. Industrialization means the ways in which traditional forms of organization of prostitution are being changed by economic and social forces to become large scale and concentrated, normalized and part of the mainstream corporate sphere. whoredom has been transformed from an illegal, scurvy scale, largely local and socially despised form of abuse of women into a hugely profitable and both legal or tolerated international industry. In states that have legalized their prostitution industries large-scale, industrialized brothels employ hundreds of women overseen and regulated by government ag encies (M. Sullivan, 2007).In some parts of Asia the industrialization of prostitution has taken place in the form of the creation of massive prostitution areas within cities. In Daulatdia, formed 20 years ago, in a portcity in Bangladesh, 1,600 women are fireually used by 3,000 men daily (Hammond, 2008).This paper is presented in three parts. The first part highlights the Framework that governs the sex trade industry in India, the aid part focuses on the Psychological implications of prostitution and the third part discusses the implications of legalizing and regulating sex trade.Prostitution in IndiaIndia is a country that prides itself for upholding age old traditions and cultural practices rooted in religious beliefs which encourage a way of life that is morally correct and ethically sound. It is a country which has great respect for the elderly, believes in the integrity of honesty and fidelity and places much emphasis on purity. Right from the religious scriptures to the th ird estate mans belief about what is the ideal way of living one can witness a belief in simplicity, generosity and secularity. This comes from the fact that India is a country of a hundred cultures all inter-mingling to create a nation that is unified in language, sport and entertainment and often diversified in religion, custom and caste.However one thing that remains collective and common to all the culturally opposed regions is the practice of sex trade. Prostitution in India has a long history.Devadasi SystemIn ancient India prostitutes have been referred to as Devadasis. Originally, Devadasis were celibate move girls used in temple ceremonies and they entertained members of the ruling class. But some date around the 6th Century, the practice of dedicating girls to Hindu gods became prevalent in a practice that developed into ritualized prostitution. Devadasi literally means Gods (Dev) female servant (Dasi), where according to the ancient Indian practice, young pre-pubertal girls are married off, given away in unification to God or Local religious deity of the temple. The marriage usually occurs before the girl reaches pubescence and requires the girl to become a prostitute for upper-caste community members. Such girls are known as jogini. They are forbidden to enter into a real marriage.In Karnataka, the more or less common form of traditional sex work is associated with the Devadasi system.Today, the districts bordering Maharashtra and Karnataka, known as the Devadasi belt, have trafficking structures operating at various levels. The women here are in prostitution either because their husbands deserted them, or they are trafficked through coercion and deception Many are devadasi dedicated into prostitution for the goddess Yellamma. In one Karnataka brothel, all 15 girls are devadasi. (Meena Menon, The Unknown Faces).Researchers have tack that differences between Devadasi and non-Devadasi Female sex workers (FSWs) with regard to the pattern and en vironment of sex work were substantial. Devadasi FSWs were much much likely to entertain clients at home, reported a higher average number of sex partners in the past week, and charged less on average to each client. Devadasi FSWs were less likely to migrate to work at another location within the state of Karnataka but were somewhat more likely to have migrated to another state for work. Devadasi FSWs were more likely to accept every client and reported client initiated violence much less often than did non-Devadasi FSWs. Devadasi FSWs also were significantly less likely to report having ever been harassed by the police (Laanchard, F, J et al 2005).Sex trade Industry in IndiaThere are approximately 10 million prostitutes in India. (Human Rights Watch, Robert I. Freidman, Indias Shame Sexual Slavery and policy-making Corruption argon Leading to An AIDS Catastrophe,The Nation, 8 April 1996).The largest red light district in India, perhaps in the world, is the Falkland bridle-path Kamatipura area of Bombay. There are more than 100,000 women in prostitution in Bombay, Asias largest sex industry effect (Freidman, R.I 1996).At least 2,000 women were in prostitution along the Baina beachfront in Goa. (Moronh,F 1997).There are 300,000-500,000 children in prostitution in India. ( Bedi,R 1997)India, along with Thailand and the Philippines, has 1.3 million children in its sex-trade centers. (Soma Wadhwa, For sale puerility, Outlook, 1998)India and Paksitan are the main destinations for children under 16 who are trafficked in south Asia. (Masako Iijima, S. Asia urged to unite against child prostitution,Reuters, 19 June 1998)In India, Karnataka, Andha Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu are considered high supply zones for women in prostitution. Bijapur, Belgaum and Kolhapur are common districts from which women migrate to the big cities, as part of an organised trafficking network. (Central Welfare Board, Meena Menon, The Unknown Faces)A few hundred thousand men hav e intimate relations with prostitutes every day in India.Insights derived by health practitioners and social workers from the experience of working in red-light areas suggest that the following categories of men are frequent visitors to prostitutes low-level workers in the manufacturing and transport industries other workers living away from their families for a length of time traders and customers in transitory markets visitors to fairs, festivals and pilgrim centres defence personnel living away from families students pimps and others who have some control over prostitutes traders and service providers in red-light areas.According to one author of The Unkown Faces There are three routes into prostitution for most women in India. 1) Deception 2) Devadasi dedication and 3) Bad marriages or families.A study conducted by exploreer s in Karnataka, a Southern state of India ensnare that Participants gave diverse reasons for entering sex work . boilersuit 26% stated that induction into the Devadasi tradition was at least 1 reason that they entered sex work, and 66% of these Female sex workers (FSWs) listed it as the only reason that they entered sex work. Other stated reasons for entering sex work included financial need- 36%, marital or family discord or dissolution -30%, and being coerced or lured- 20%.Chattopadhyay M, Bandyopadhyay S, Duttagupta C, (1994) conducted interviews with 33 female prostitutes in Domjur, Howrah District, West Bengal, to understand the processes by which women become prostitutes. jack oak of them were married. More than 50%, who had been married before the age of 18, became prostitutes before 25 and were older than 30. 66% did not engage in illicit sex before becoming prostitutes. About 20% had been prostitutes for more than 15 years. Most prostitutes earned about Rs. 1000 per month. 66% had a maximum number of five clients/day. trinity prostitutes had as many as seven to eight clients/day. Life events and their reactions that led th em to become prostitutes belonged to two categories (1) women who were either widowed (17 women) or abused by husband and in-laws (4 women), leaving them with no social or economic support and (2) women who chose prostitution as an easy means to support themselves (9 women) or because they had sexual urges or were unmated (3 women).Empirical studies along in red-light areas of a few large cities corroborate the common knowledge that prostitutes, in general, lead a poor standard of life in dilapidated and unhygienic environments (Gilada n.d. Ghosh and Das 1994). A major portion of what their clients pay is shared by pimps, landlords, madams, financiers and policemen. They do not get nutritionally fit food and they are exploited by local traders who sell them essential goods. Because of strong prejudice against them they cannot take advantage of the government health facilities and have to depend mostly on local quacks who charge them usuriously for treatment and medicines. A large proportion of them suffer intermittently from various kinds of STDs. Most of them are forced to enter this occupation because of adverse circumstances.In a country that has strict values and restrictions towards marriage,dating and pre-marital sex in that respect seems to be a rampant disregard for the value of a womanhoods right to dignity and integrity.In India, It is generally considered unsufferable for a woman or man to engage in sex before marriage or with more than one partner. Speaking about sex related issues is taboo in most households and sex education in schools is strongly opposed and rendered inappropriate. It is believed that one should respect traditions and avoid places,people,movies,books or music that are provocative or in any way of a sexual nature. Conservatism and orthodox customs are welcomed and whole heardtedly preached and in some cases practiced in India. Thus, it comes as a shock to constitute that the hub of the Sex trade throughout Asia and possib ly the world is housed in the biggest city in India-Mumbai. It is a dreary and cruel paradox that a country that preaches about purity and chastity has the largest brothels in the world and is a central point in the human trafficking system.Legal position in IndiaLaws related to prostitution in IndiaSuppression of unrighteous Traffic in Women and Girl Act -1956Prevention of Immoral Traffic Act-1956Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act-1956In legal terms, the Indian Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act 1956, criminalized the volitional act of a female offering her body for promiscuous sexual intercourse for hire whether in money or in kind. But, under the revised 1986 Act, prostitution means the sexual exploitation or abuse of persons for commercial purpose, and the expression prostitute shall be constructed accordingly so there is not only no vice if there is offering by way of free contract, there is not even prostitution.In India the particular law dealing with the status of sex work ers is the 1956 law referred to as theTheImmoral Traffic (Suppression) Act (SITA). According to this law, sex work inIndiais neither legal nor illegal it is tolerated since prostitutes can practice their trade in private but cannot legally solicit customers in public. Unlike as is the case with other professions, however, sex workers are not protected under normal workers laws, and are not entitled to minimum wage benefits, salary for injury or other benefits that are common in other types of work.Although prostitution (the act of selling ones body in a non public setting) is legal in India, brothel keeping, living off the earnings of a prostitute, soliciting or seducing for the purposes of prostitution are all punishable offenses. (Robert I. Freidman, Indias Shame Sexual Slavery and Political Corruption Are Leading to An AIDS Catastrophe,The Nation, 8 April 1996)Psychological wo among sex workersConsiderable research has been conducted in the area of sex trade and prostitution. M ost of this research in the social sciences focuses on the health risks involved, particularly HIV, AIDS.There is a large-scale ignorance of the psychological harm that is faced by women who are prostituted. Prostitution has been defined in many ways either by political or legal organizations.The public Health Organization (WHO) defined prostitution as a dynamic andadaptive process that involves a transaction between seller and buyer of a sexual service (World Health Organization, 1988). WHO has since recommended decriminalization of prostitution (Ahmad, 2001). Much of the health sciences literature has viewed prostitution as a job choice (Deren et al., 1996 Farr, Castro, DiSantostefano, Claassen, Olguin, 1996 car park et al., 1993 Romans, Potter,Martin,Herbison, 2001 UN/AIDS, 2002). However the notion that prostitution is work tends to make its harm invisible.Important questions remain unanswered regarding the epidemiology and etiology of psychological distress among sex traders . Many sex traders and drug users from poor neighborhoods have experienced homelessness, indulge, and other flushed events associated with psychological distress.High proportions of prostitutes are drug-dependent and have experienced corporal and sexual abuse in childhood and adulthood (Church, Henderson, Barnard, Hart, 2001 El-Bassel, Schilling, Irwin, Faruque, Gilbert, Von Bargen, Serrano, Edlin, 1997 El- Bassel, Simoni, Cooper, Gilbert, Schilling, 2001).The Psychological literature on Prostitution has focused on different theories to explain the eccentric of a prostitute either as a victim or a risk-taker. There has been awesome debate over the underlying factors that lead a woman into this profession. It is assumed that prostituted women have personality characteristics which lead to their victimization. Rosiello (1993) described the inherent masochism of prostituted women as a necessary ingredient of their self-concept. MacVicar and Dillon (1980) suggested that masochi sm plays a central role in the acceptance of abuse by pimps. Psychoanalytic theories that prostituting originates in maternal deprivation or from the anal desires of the child -have been described by Weisberg (1985) and Bullough Bullough (1996).Vanwesenbeeck, et al (1993) identified three groups of prostituted women as 1) those who had a positive, businesslike attitude and logical condom use, 2) those who had a negative attitude and occasional failure to use condoms),and 3) risk takers who did not use condoms and who reported feeling powerless. The risk takers reported fears of violence and despair in situations where they were powerless. One woman stated that health planning was not a priority when your whole lifes a misery and pain (Vanwesenbeeck et al., 1993).Women in prostitution are often assumed to have an underlying personality disorder. De Schampheleire (1990) concluded that 61 prostituted women had unrestrained difficulties that resulted first in addictions, and later in prostitution, which was itself described as a diversion from other psychological problems.This is clearly indicative that there is a belief that emotionally disturbed or vulnerable women are more likely to enter into prostitution, further become victimized and continue in this profession as a means of coping with their initial sense of turmoil or unworthiness. This literature fails to recognize the various other reasons that women enter into prostitution (such as financial need or coercion), and ultimately suffer psychological difficulties as a result of this profession. It is assumed with a stance of such stoicism that women willingly enter into a profession in which they become victims of battering, rape, fatal physiological conditions, constant trauma and degradation.However there is literature that supports the idea that prostitution does indeed inflict psychological distress on the individual. Graaf et al. (1995) and Plant et al (1989) lay out that womens alcohol use in prost itution was related to the psychological trauma of prostitution. It permitted a chemical substance dissociation, as well as a means of anesthetizing their physical aversion for the act of sex for payment. Green et al (1993) noted that some Glasgow women were only able to prostitute under the influence of drugs or alcohol.Alegria et al (1994) institute that 70% of 127 Puerto Rican women in prostitution had symptoms of depression which were associated with increased risk behaviors for HIV.Violence against women in ProstitutionIn the past decade, a number of authors have documented or analyzed the sexual and physical violence that is the normative experience for women in prostitution, including Baldwin (1993,1999) Barry (1979, 1995) Boyer, Dworkin (1981, 1997, 2000) Farley, Baral, Kiremire, and Sezgin (1998) Giobbe (1991, 1993) .Sexual violence and physical assault are the norm for women in all types of prostitution. Nemoto, Operario, Takenaka, Iwamoto, and Le (2003) reported that 62% of Asian women in San Francisco massage parlors had been physically assaulted by customers. Raymond, DCunha, et al. (2002) found that 80% of women who had been trafficked or prostituted suffered violence-related injuries in prostitution.Among the women interviewed by Parriott (1994), 85% had been sacked in prostitution. In another study, 94% of those in street prostitution had experienced sexual assault and 75% had been raped by one or more customers (Miller, 1995). In the Netherlands, where prostitution is legal, 60% of prostituted women suffered physical assaults 70% experienced verbal threats of physical assault 40% experienced sexual violence and 40% had been forced into prostitution or sexual abuse by acquaintances (Vanwesenbeeck, 1994). Most young women in prostitution were abused or beaten by customers as well as pimps. Silbert and Pines (1981, 1982) reported that 70% of women suffered rape in prostitution, with 65% having been physically assaulted by customers and 66% ass aulted by pimps.Of 854 people in prostitution in nine countries (Canada, Colombia, Germany, Mexico, South Africa, Thailand, Turkey, United States, and Zambia), 71% experienced physical assaults in prostitution, and 62% reported rapes in prostitution (Farley, Cotton, et al., 2003). Eighty-nine percent told the researchers that they wanted to leave prostitution but did not have other options for economic survival.To normalize prostitution as a reasonable job choice for poor women makes invisible their strong desire to escape prostitution. Vanwesenbeeck (1994) found that two factors were associated with greater violence in prostitution. The greater the poverty, the greater the violence and the longer one is in prostitution, the more likely one is to experience violence.Research and clinical reports have documented the prevalence of childhood sexual abuse and chronic traumatization among prostituted women (Belton, 1992 Burgess,et al., 1987 Giobbe et al., 1990 James Meyerding, 1977 Pape rny Deisher, 1983 Silbert Pines, 1981, Simons Whitbeck, 1991 Widom Kuhns, 1996).Weisberg (1985) reported that 70% of women suffered rape in prostitution, with 65% of prostitutes having been physically assaulted by customers and 66% assaulted by pimps.The Council for Prostitution Alternatives in Portland, Oregon, reported that prostituted women were raped an average of once a week (Hunter, 1994).Women in prostitution are battered women. Prostitution, like battering, is a form of domestic violence. Giobbe (1993) compared pimps and batterers and found similarities in their use of enforced social isolation, minimization and denial, threats, intimidation, verbal and sexual abuse,attitude of ownership, and extreme physical violence to control women. The techniques of physical violence used by pimps are often the same as those used by torturers. Gray (1973, cited in Weisberg, 1985) reported that one teenager was beaten with a 6-foot bullwhip and another was tied to a car and forced to run behind it. It has been reasonably estimated that prostitutionis 80% to 90% pimp-controlled (Giobbe Gamache, 1990 Hunter, 1994).The primary concern of prostituted women in Glasgow was violence from customers (Green et al., 1993). Rape was common. The women in Glasgow were physically abused as part of the job of prostitution. They were whipped and 1 7 beaten up, with payment at times received per individual coulomb (Green et al., 1993, page 328). Prostituted women described a minority of customers as extremely dangerous. These men were likely to assault or murder women in prostitution for pleasure. They used fists, feet, baseball bats, knives, or guns in their assaults on the women. One man inserted a shotgun into at least one womans vagina and mouth.87% of prostituted women interviewed by Miller (1995) were physically assaulted in prostitution, with 31% having been stabbed, and 25% being hit with an object. 37% of her sample had been held captive. Prostituted women were often a ssaulted and robbed (Green et al, 1993 Hardesty Greif, 1994 Miller, 1995).Miller Schwartz (1995) found that 94% of those in street prostitution had experienced some form of sexual assault 75% had been raped by one or more customers. In spite of this, there was a widespread belief that the concept of rape did not apply to prostitutes. If rape of a prostitutingwoman occurs, some have considered the rape to be theft or breach of contract rather than rape. Many people assumed that when a prostituted woman was raped, it was part of her job and that she deserved or even asked for the rape. In an example of this bias, a calcium judge overturned a jurys decision to charge a customer with rape, saying that a woman who goes out on the street and makes a whore out of herself opens herself up to anybody.One juror interpret the judges decision as a refusal to give rights to prostitutes (Arax, 1986).Psychological Trauma as a result of prostitutionDissociation is the psychological process of ba nishing traumatic events from consciousness (Herman, 1992). It is an emotional shutting-down which occurs during extreme stress among prisoners of war who are being tortured, among children who are being sexually assaulted, and among women being battered or raped or prostituted. Vanwesenbeeck (1994) considered dissociation in those prostituted to be a consequence of both childhood violence and adult violence in prostitution. She noted that a proficiency in dissociation, perhaps learned in order to pull round sexual abuse as a child, was required in prostitution.Ross et al (1990) noted dissociative symptoms in women in strip club prostitution. Belton (1998) reported that depression as well as dissociative disorders were common among prostituted women.It is clear that women in prostitution suffer from psychological trauma which affects their functioning.Other than dissociation,drug use an emotional vulnerability women in prostitution suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). S ymptoms are anxiety, depression, insomnia, irritability, flashbacks, emotional numbing, and hyperalertness. Farley et al., (1998) interviewed 475 prostituted people in 5 countries (South Africa, Thailand, Turkey, USA, and Zambia) and found that 67% met diagnostic criteria for PTSD, suggesting that the traumatic sequelae of prostitution were similar across different cultures.The violence of prostitution, the constant humiliation, the social indignity and misogyny result in personality changes which have been described by Herman (1992) as complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD). Symptoms of CPTSD include changes in consciousness and self-concept, changes in the ability to regulate emotions, changes in systems of meaning, such asloss of faith, and an unremitting sense of despair. Once out of prostitution, 76% of a group of women interviewed by Parriott (1994) reported that they had great difficulty with intimate relationships. Not only were sexual feelings destroyed in prostituti on, but the emotional part of the self was eroded. (Hoigard Finstad,1986 Giobbe, 1991, 1992) One of the longer-lasting effects of CPTSD involves changes in relations with other people, including changes in perception of the perpetrator of abuse.Previous research on women who engaged in prostitution has found a high rate of drug abuse among this population (Kuhns, Heide, Silverman, 1992 El-Bassel et al., 1997 Nadon, Koverola, Schludermann, 1998 Potterat,)The need for drugs, both physical and emotional, often overpowers prostitutes aversion toward the degrading aspects of their occupation (Weeks et al., 1998).In another study, El-Bassel and colleagues (1997) found that drug-using prostitutes scored higher than drug-using non-prostitutes from the same community on several measures of psychological distress, such as depression, anxiety, and paranoid ideation, and suggested that psychological distress among prostitutes was brought about by the dangerous and degrading circumstances sur round their work.Researchers found that the women who were prostituting were more likely to report using drugs to increase their feelings of confidence, sense of control, and feelings of closeness to others and to decrease their feelings of wrong-doing and sexual distress. (Young,A,M et al 2000). Furthermore the researchers found that the subservient, humiliating nature of prostitution suggests that these women would tend to feel less confident and in control while working, and would wish to regain these feelings, and the ability to feel close to others, afterward being sexually involved with a stranger or strangers. Other studies have found that women engaged in prostitution use drugs and alcohol to feel more confident on the job, more cool and able to suppress negative feelings, and more relaxed and sociable (Gossop et al., 1994 Silbert et al 1982 Feucht, 1993).The evidence is clear and alarming, Psychological distress is an inevitable result of prostitution and is more than li kely to inte