Neanderthals Are Not Our Ancestors Essays - Genetic Genealogy, DNA

Neanderthals Are Not Our Ancestors 7-11-97 University Park, Pa. -- A team of U.S. and German researchers has extracted mitochondrial DNA from Neandertal bone showing that the Neandertal DNA sequence falls outside the normal variation of modern humans. These results indicate that Neandertals did not contribute mitochondrial DNA to modern humans, says Dr. Mark Stoneking, associate professor of anthropology at Penn State. Neandertals are not our ancestors. The research also reaffirms the origins of modern humans in Africa. Reporting in today's (July 11) issue of the journal Cell, the researchers detail their methods and the results of analysis of Neandertal mitochondrial DNA. The research team includes Matthias Krings, graduate student, and Dr. Svante Paabo, professor of zoology, University of Munich; Dr. Ann Stone, postdoctoral fellow, University of Arizona; Ralf W. Schmitz and Heike Krainitzki of Rhineland Museum, Bonn, Germany; and Stoneking. Current theory holds that Neandertals became extinct only 30,000 years ago and co-existed with modern humans in Europe. The team, however, found that Neandertals and modern humans diverged genetically 500,000 to 600,000 years ago, suggesting that though they may have lived at the same time, Neandertals did not contribute genetic material to modern humans. Since 1991, an interdisciplinary project of the Rhineland Museum, headed by Schmitz, has focused on the Neandertal-type specimen. This specimen was found in 1856 near Dusseldorf, Germany. As a part of this project, a sample was removed for DNA analysis. The ability to extract DNA from ancient bone is dependent on many factors, including preservation, temperature and humidity, says Stoneking, a faculty member in Penn State's College of the Liberal Arts. Paabo previously showed that even if extracting ancient DNA is possible, it tends to be damaged and degraded, yielding only short fragments. The researchers used a method of overlapping short strands of DNA to obtain a mitochondrial DNA sequence of 378 base pairs. To ensure that errors caused by damaged DNA were not incorporated into the sequence and that modern human DNA did not contaminate the samples, the researchers ran multiple extractions and amplifications. They also sent a sample to Penn State's Anthropological Genetics Laboratory where Stone, then a Ph.D. candidate at Penn State, ran a parallel extraction and amplification of the DNA. To begin amplification, the researchers used two human primers -- small pieces of DNA that match the beginning of the sequence to be amplified. The first two human primers we chose worked, says Stoneking. It turns out this was a lucky choice. To check that the amplified DNA was really Neandertal, the researchers prepared primers based on their extracted sample and ran them on numerous human DNA samples. The Neandertal primers did not amplify any human DNA, says Stoneking. Most human primers would probably not work on Neandertal DNA. The researchers compared the Neandertal sequence with 2,051 human sequences and 59 common chimpanzee sequences. They found that the differences in Neandertal DNA occurred at sites where differences usually occur in both humans and chimps. The changes reflect the evolutionary pattern typical of mitochondrial DNA sequences of living humans and chimpanzees, not that of random damage or degradation, says Stoneking. When the researchers looked at the Neandertal sequence with respect to 994 human mitochondrial DNA lineages including Africans, Europeans, Asians, Native Americans, Australians and Pacific Islanders, they found the number of base pair differences between the Neandertal sequence and these groups was 27 or 28 for all groups. While Neandertals inhabited the same geographic region as contemporary Europeans, the observed differences between the Neandertal sequence and modern Europeans do not indicate a closer relationship to modern Europeans than to other contemporary human populations, says Stoneking. The researchers used phylogenetic tree reconstruction -- a method that uses mitochondrial DNA to place individual groups in relative relationship -- to check the results of their pair-wise DNA comparisons. The trees show that the Neandertal sequence branches before the divergence of the various human mitochondrial DNA lineages, but after the split from chimpanzees. This phylogenetic tree also shows that the first three branches of humans are of African origin, with only the fourth branch showing non-African sequences. The branching pattern indicates that the ancestor of the mitochondrial DNA gene pool of contemporary humans lived in Africa, says Stoneking of Penn State. The researchers are confident with their results, but they caution that they are derived from

Help Writing A Paper Outline

Help Writing A Paper OutlineMany students prefer to have assistance when they try to help write a paper outline, but there are some who think that MLA works the same way as MMLA (material study of the paper). Indeed, this is true in a sense, but it is not the complete truth.To assist students in help writing a paper outline, I will explain what MMLA is and how it can be used to aid students in writing a paper. MLA is the topic based materials and lecture that teachers give to students, often times in class. These topics may be homework or lecture readings, problem sets, quizzes, and even in some cases science experiments that students must study for assignments. Sometimes, the teachers are also available to give lectures during the course of the semester, and students will need to have assignments that require these lectures to be done and properly accounted for.The focus of these lectures are usually on writing papers, but sometimes you will find other assignments that require stude nts to do a material study of a certain topic. Students may need to take notes on a written text and compare it to a particular topic, much like a researcher would in his/her field. If a student were to write an essay about the topic, it is imperative that they understand the topic enough to be able to create a good paper from the information that they gleaned from their written notes. Likewise, they must be able to put that information in a coherent fashion so that it can be read and understood by their readers.So, what is MLA? MLA is the exact opposite of the MMLA. Instead of using lecture topics to help students in writing a paper, it is used to assist them in writing an outline. By using lectures as the main focus of the outline, students do not need to write any extra material that they can find in their learning resources; rather, they need to use their existing knowledge to assist them in their writingan outline.MLA is taught in the liberal arts colleges, not just in high sch ools, but in some specific programs of study. Most students think that if they use their textbooks to help with their topic based materials, then they are using MMLA, but that is not the case. This is because you can easily search the Internet for books on almost any topic related to your class, or any topic that you would like to write about.Once you have finished the reading, you can easily download the lecture notes that you need. From there, you simply copy and paste the information into the appropriate section on your outline. You will also use this information later in your writing your essay. For instance, if you are a member of the liberal arts, then you would simply copy and paste the information about the lecture topics onto your MLA outline.What about those teachers who insist that they know how to help students in writing a paper outline? Well, they will not be using the exact same method that you would use, but they will still be using a different form of MLA. It's just that most teachers don't understand the principle behind it. Because of this, it is important that they understand the principles of MLA first before they attempt to teach their students the skills that they would have taught them using a material study plan.The use of both MMLA and MLA will allow students to be better writers and also make them more confident about what they are writing in their essays. After all, teachers who do not know what they are teaching is a teacher who isn't teaching. Therefore, if you are unsure how to help writing a paper outline, consult your professor to see if they have any experience using either of these materials, or a combination of both, in helping students in writing a paper.

Get A Good Grade For Your Essay - The Problem Of Evil

Get A Good Grade For Your Essay - The Problem Of EvilIt may seem like a problem of evil to get a good grade for an essay. In fact, the grade is just based on the content of the essay. Getting a bad grade is really a matter of assessment and your own mastery of the topic.If you had a real problem with your essay topic and if it made you uncomfortable or frustrated, this is a very good example of a problem of evil. The topic that you chose may have been right for you but you went about this in the wrong way. The problem was not in your content but the format you chose to present it. It doesn't matter what the topic is because the assignment is supposed to be graded in the course.Your grade is going to reflect whether you are a hard worker or not. Someone who struggles to finish a project is a good worker. Someone who do their work and gets their work done is probably one of the hardest workers of all. If you get a bad grade for this assignment, it will show that you are not a hard work er.The essay topics that you choose are really a reflection of how well you read, how much you understand the topic, and how well you think. So this really should be easy. The problem here is you have chosen to give yourself a problem by choosing the wrong essay topic. Even a student who has struggled through that assignment is going to be a better student if they study the topic a little more and grasp it in their mind.It would be a very tough assignment if you knew the topic. You could learn a lot from this essay topic, even if you are a great student. You would only be able to do this if you make sure you do your homework first. If you have difficulty getting past the basics you can always buy the book on that topic.An assignment for your essays needs to have some structure. Writing an essay is not like reading a novel. You need to have some structure. You can use outlines but you cannot forget to actually write your essay on paper. Your thesis should be written within the struct ure of the essay, so you will know where you are and what you are doing.When you submit your assignment, you are bound to get a good grade. The quality of the essay is more important than the content. So make sure you do not get a problem of evil with your assignment. If you find it difficult to get past this you can always seek the help of a tutor or a professor or your teacher.

Marble Chip Investigation Essay Essays

Marble Chip Investigation Essay Essays Marble Chip Investigation Essay Essay Marble Chip Investigation Essay Essay Fair Test To do it a just trial and do my consequences more accurate I will seek and maintain all variables constant except the concentration of the acid. This will include weighing the marble french friess every clip and seeking to utilize balls of approximately the same size to maintain the surface country reasonably changeless as a alteration in surface country will impact the rate of reaction. I will seek and avoid a alteration in temperature and I will utilize the same equipment throughout the trials. Each concentration will be repeated at least one time to better truth as an norm can be taken. Research The rate of reaction depends upon two factors. the figure of hits within a clip between the reactants. and the fraction of these hits that are successful. Therefore. the higher the concentration of the reactants. the higher the rate of reaction because there will be an increased figure of hits. this is called hit theory. However. for the reaction between the two reactants to be successful. they must clash with adequate energy to respond. the energy needed to respond is known as activation energy. This can be shown on a graph like the one below. I believe this graph is similar to what the energy diagram would be for my probe. This shows that my chemical reaction will be exothermal. therefore it will let go of more energy than it uses to respond. Therefore. at a higher concentration. there will be more reactions let go ofing energy in the signifier of heat that will enable more atoms to make their activation energy degree and react. This shows that the rate of reaction will increase with the concentration of acid. Prediction After holding done some research I feel that I can do an instruction anticipation refering what will go on during my probe. I predict that the higher the concentration of acid I use. the faster the rate of reaction will be. I think this because the higher the concentration is. the more acerb atoms there will be to clash with the marble bit with adequate energy to do a reaction as explained in hit theory. I besides believe that the rate of reaction will increase with concentration of acid because the chemical reaction I am making is an exothermal reaction. Therefore. it will let go of energy as the reactions take topographic point. this will give more energy to other atoms around it and will do the reaction to rush up as more atoms reach their activation energy and collide with adequate energy to respond. Preliminary trial consequences I started with 10g of marble bit and 100cm3 of 2M acid. the reaction was excessively fast and could non be accurately measured. I so tried 3g of marble bit with the same sum of 2M acid ( 100cm3 ) . this worked mulct. nevertheless. when the 0. 4M concentration was tested the reaction was excessively slow and could non be accurately measured due to our graduated table. I so tried 6g of marble bit and it gave 135 cm3 of CO2 with the 2M concentration and 5 cm3 of CO2 with the 0. 4M concentration. I felt that this would give us a good scope of consequences so I stuck with those measurings based on my preliminary trials. Observations When we had done our experiment we realised that we could profit from some trials with other concentrations of acid to increase truth. Therefore we decided to make trials with 1. 8M. 1. 4M. 1M. 0. 6M and 0. 2M acid. However. when we did these trials they produced a much higher volume of C dioxide than we would anticipate from our old consequences. I came to the decision that this would hold to be down to a alteration in one of the variables. Looking at the variables it was possible that it could hold been temperature or surface country of the marble french friess that caused the alteration. but as at that place had non been any big alteration in these variables it was improbable that they would hold such a clear affect on the consequences. After making a few trials I found that it was the acid that I was utilizing that had affected the consequences. I had started on a new batch of acid as the old bottle had run out. Even though both batches of acid were labelled as being 2M. it was clear that one was stronger than the other and hence increased the rate of reaction as the opportunity of acerb atoms clashing with the marble bit had been increased as there were more acerb atoms. Due to this. I plotted at that place consequences as a separate line. nevertheless. the consequences still show the same form and are hence still utile in reasoning the relation between gas given off and the concentration of acid. as explained by hit theory. Decision As you can see on the graph. both lines go up in a smooth curve. This shows that there is a correlativity between concentration of acid and the volume of gas given off. As the concentration of acid additions so does the volume of gas. therefore they are relative. The gradient of the line gets steeper as the concentration increases. this means that there was a larger addition of gas produced between 1. 6M and 2M. than there was between 0. 4M and 0. 8M. even though the addition in concentration of acid was 0. 4M in both. The graph shows that at higher concentrations of acid. more C dioxide was produced but in the same sum of clip. This shows that at higher concentrations. the rate of reaction must hold been faster to bring forth more merchandises in the same clip period. This can be explained by hit theory and the thoughts on activation energy that I explained in my research and anticipation. In my anticipation I said that more gas would be given off with a higher concentration. these consequences show that I was right. This is because due to hit theory. in a low concentration of acid the acid atoms are spread far apart. This means that there is really small opportunity of acerb atoms clashing with the marble bit with adequate energy to respond. In a high concentration. the acid atoms are nearer together as there is more of them within the same volume. This means that there is a much higher opportunity of hit with the marble bit. and there is more energy due to the energy being produced by the reaction. which is exothermal. this causes the reaction to be quicker. This can be seen in my consequences. the 2M acid gave an norm of 134. 75cm3 of C dioxide. where the 0. 4M concentration merely gave an norm of 4cm3 of C dioxide. The rate of reaction is reduced by a lessening of atoms within the same infinite. Evaluation Accuracy of consequences I feel that my experiment was accurate because the consequences made a smooth curve on my graph. I did hold a job with the 1. 8M. 1. 4M. 1M. 0. 6M and 0. 2M acerb consequences. as the acid appeared to be stronger than it was labelled. However. I resolved this job by plotting the consequences as a separate line on my graph and they still showed a really similar curve to the other one demoing the same relation between concentration of acid and the volume of gas given off. This shows that it was likely merely the concentration of the acid that caused the job and non my executing of the experiment that caused the consequences to be somewhat different than what was expected. I think that my consequences could hold been better as there was some fluctuation between my four consequences for each of 2M. 1. 6M. 1. 2M. 0. 8M. and 0. 4M. However I do non experience this job is major as the fluctuations were comparatively little as is shown by the mistake borders drawn on my graph. but there is still room for betterment. Possible Improvements If I was to make this probe once more I would seek and maintain some of the variables constant that I had less control over. The probe was carried out over a few yearss so the schoolroom temperature may hold varied. This could hold had a little consequence on the rate of reaction doing my consequences less accurate. Although the marble french friess were approximately the same size they weren’t all precisely the same form. If I could happen a manner to do the marble french friess all the same form and size so the probe would be fairer as the surface country of the marble french friess would be changeless. If I was to make this probe once more I would seek and utilize merely one batch of acid for the whole experiment because as I found out. the acid supplied isn’t ever precisely the strength that it says it is. I would besides seek to utilize a more accurate piece of equipment to mensurate the volume of gas produced. utilizing a mensurating cylinder did non supply the best truth that was unfastened to me. I could hold achieved a higher degree of truth with a buret.

Electric and magnetic fields Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Electric and magnetic fields - Essay Example In the universe, magnetism has a great importance as most of the heavenly objects are influenced by the magnetic fields. The planet earth has also a constant magnetic field around it, as the magnet has a north and south poles; the earth has also the north and south poles. These poles were being in use from many years and people find their ways and directions utilizing the earth magnetic poles. Magnetic and electric fields are utilized to generate electrical power. Similarly, electric and magnetic fields are utilized to convert the electrical energy into mechanical energy by the utilization of a motor. A field of physics is dedicated to study the electric field that is Electrostatics. Electrostatics studies the electric field in relation with the electric flux, electric potential energy, electric potential, electrostatic induction and electric dipole movement. Electric field is a vector quantity having no fixed direction and has the units of N/C (Newton per Coulombs) or V/m (Volt per meter). The field is produced due to the movement of the electrical charged particles. The movements of the charged particles produce a magnetic field. The magnetic and electric fields are such linked to each other that one influences the other. In this way, the electric fields can be described by force that a charged test particle face. The force directs the electric fields in the similar direction as that of the force (Oatley 5-27). In this perspective the idea of electromagnetism grown and referred as the field dealing with both the quantities. Magnetic field is termed to be vector; the field has a direction and magnitude. The movement of the electrical charge produces the magnetic fields (Herlach & Miura 1-65). In this way, electrical charge or the charged particles highly influence the magnetic field. Magnetic fields are much important in determining the direction on the ship along with the most modern system like GPS (Global positioning system). Changing the magnetic

101 Tips on How to Choose 100 Science Topics For Research Papers

101 Tips on How to Choose 100 Science Topics For Research PapersIs there a reason to choose 100 science topics for research papers? Should you choose the easiest one, or the hardest one? Is it wise to study a lot of topics?Each topic can be selected depending on your interests and skills. You can choose topics that will interest you and also select topics that are not so easy. You can choose topics on mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, etc. You can also select topics that are harder, such as biology, geology, astronomy, etc.Of course, if you really want to be good at science and you really want to master all topics, then you should definitely study difficult topics. Try to select topics that require a lot of concentration and deep understanding. If you do not have much time, it is better to choose easier topics and study more in that time.To know which topics are easiest, and which ones are difficult, you should know about your own particular strengths and weaknesses. Consider these things:- Find an online source that offers you tips and advice. This is a very important element because it can determine whether you become successful or fail. If you choose to start your study with an online source, they will have all the necessary resources at their disposal, especially if you plan to work at home. You can find information on how to select topics, writing your research paper, etc.- Make sure you are clear about what you will write in your research paper and on your manuscript. Be honest with yourself, because you can decide to revise your research paper as soon as you see something is not clear. You can also decide to re-write some parts of your research paper or the whole thing. If you do this, it is much better for you to consider rewriting your project, as it will make your science paper more complete.- Make sure you understand the research paper and the whole project. If you think that it is hard to read your research paper, you should also decide whet her you need help to read your science paper or not. If you need help, you can ask for the help of a professional but you should not hesitate if you do not need any help. Besides, being good at science and doing research is only half the process; you also have to prepare your manuscript properly.

Technology Guide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Technology Guide - Essay Example Business tools like Indix, Connect Multichannel, Retail Connect and Robin e-commerce customer service. The most advanced of the tools that I recommend are Indix and Connect Multichannel, which can be integrated with Retail Connect. Indix software solution is available on-line at www.indix.com. The solutions that can be realized by using indix software are; real-time inclusion of product pricing, availability of the products, other channels where the products can be located, competition attributes and an assortment of the products. The software can be acquired as a mobile application or an API that can be directly integrated with the golf shop. The API has advanced functions that will benefit the golf shop. The search function of the API returns names of stores with product and IDs, product brand names and product suggestions in the same category (Indix, 2015). The advanced search of the software will return detailed catalog information of the product from all the stores where it is s old. It also returns the price information from the across all the stores offering the product. Finally, the software will provide information on all the prices the product was sold at in the past month. Connect Multichannel and Retail Connect are provided by the www.intelligentretail.co.uk website. The software can be implemented separately of as one bundle into the golf shop. The software offers a central place for stock control, advanced reporting on sales and product details from different channels (Intelligence Retail, 2015). The software also has an inbuilt functionality that automatically connects to Amazon; eBay and Google Products Connect. It will allow the golf shop to sells its products through the more trusted channels like Amazon and Ebay. This will eventually increase the sales of products from the golf