Food Waste in America Essay

40% of the food America produces is wasted.1 Have you ever thought of how much food you waste a day? The average American wastes about 250 pounds of food every year.2 That’s about $600 dollars worth of food.3 Imagine what you could do with $600.00. No one notices what is in the back of their fridge or what goes into their trash can. Before you say that you don’t do that, think back to a moment when you had the chance to take the restaurant food home, but you declined it because you were too full. Now, imagine thousands of people doing that every day. Tons and tons of food is wasted. Over 33 million tons of food is wasted every year in America. 4 That is enough to fill a 90,000 seat football stadium to the brim with food over 120 times.5 We waste so much food that our food waste could power Switzerland for an entire year. Americans should lower the amount of food they waste by taking home extra food  from restaurants and buying appropriate amounts of food at the store . 1 http://www.culinate.com/articles/features/wasted_food http://www.businessinsider.com/fao ­wasted ­food ­2011 ­5 3 http://www.wisegeek.com/how ­much ­food ­does ­the ­average ­american ­waste.htm 4 http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/materials/organics/food/fd ­basic.htm 5 http://www.naturalnews.com/033885_food_waste_America.html 2 Everybody has been to a restaurant before and not finished their food. Well, did you ever think about bringing it home to finish later? Most people don’t think like that, since they are full at the moment, and believe they won’t eat it later. Give it a try and bring it home to eat it for a quick dinner later. Well, you might say ,â€Å"Oh well, I didn’t like the food.† There is nothing   wrong with that. If you don’t like the food then, you don’t like it. I’m not going to argue with that, no one likes to eat everything in the world. All I’m saying is open your eyes and notice how much food is being wasted at restaurants. Restaurants are America’s food source. We go to restaurants when we don’t feel like making dinner.​ The average family  goes to dinner around thirty five times a year. So, let’s say you waste on average five ounces. of food every time you go to dinner. That’s about ten lbs. of food wasted in one year just by going to restaurants. Now, let’s add your family into this. If you have a four member family that would be forty lbs. of food wasted by your family. That is equivalent to around forty plates of food being thrown out, and you could have eaten half of that at  home. The moral of the story is that if you reduce the amount of waste at restaurants, you can make a big difference in lowering America’s waste percentage. The average American family spends about $8,513 on groceries a year, and wastes about $600 of that food.6 Basically, the average American family wastes about fourteen percent of the food they buy. Families are wasting way too much food. My generation has grown up with this, so it’s all that we know. It is very hard to extinguish a bad habit. Have you ever heard of the saying, â€Å"Your eyes are bigger than your stomach?† That is actually very true. Have you ever seen people unload their food from their cart at a grocery store? I have seen people have so much food that they have to get another cart. That is just ridiculous. If you have a big family, that’s fineÍ ¾ but if you only have two to four people in your family, then you are purchasing too much food. There are simple ways to not overspend at a grocery store. One way to not overspend at a grocery store is to make a grocery list or   have a leftover day. Have a  leftovers on Wednesday or Sunday. Not everybody does this, but no one is innocent. most people have overbought amounts of food at some point. Maybe you ate the food ,maybe you didn’t. It is important to think before you go along buying more food than you can handle. This goes right back to the saying, â€Å"your eyes are bigger than your stomach.† Taking home food from restaurants and buying appropriate amounts of food at your local grocery store is a great way to lower food waste. America has the largest waste percentage in the world. That is not anything to be proud of. Do you ever think about how much food you throw away in a month? Food waste is a big problem in America, It could be lowered by just doing a couple simple of steps and by thinking before you throw away something that could be eaten. Food is meant to be eaten not wasted.

Characterization of Pheonix Jackson Essay

Eudora Welty, in her character Phoenix Jackson, creates humanity’s counterpart of the phoenix firebird from oriental tradition. Although Phoenix Jackson can not lay claim to the immortality manifested by consuming fiery rebirths (as does the mythological bird), she possesses a fiery spirit and is consumed by love for her grandchild. Ana4rzing the character of Phoenix is pleasurable because the characteristics of her â€Å"roundness† are primarily positive, static traits. She is tenacious, confident, wise, and resolute with a clear sense of purpose which guides her fearlessly toward her goal. One word can summarize Phoenix‑‑noble. Even in the one situation when the reader sees Phoenix being sly, her slyness is immediately forgivable. Her slyness is a minor negative characteristic in comparison to her innumerable positive ones and is not a conflicting quality. It is, instead, justifiable in light of the pureness of her motivation‑‑love. Ihe similarities of the phoenix bird and Phoenix Jackson are readily apparent in the author’s physical description of Phoenix; â€Å"†¦her head tied in a red rag,† â€Å"†¦a golden color ran underneath,† and â€Å"†¦a yellow burning under the dark†(457). Further confirming the parable between the woman and the bird is the cornme made by Phoenix at the spring, â€Å"Sweetgum makes the water sweet’ (459). (Sweet‑gum K supposedly, the firebird’s source of nourishment) Since it is obvious that Ms. Welty has made these comparisons, it is noteworthy that the phoenix, in addition to symbolizing immortality, is said to be a good and wonderful bird, possessing qualities not unlike the eagle’s: nobility and powers of endurance. Phoenix Jackson shares these same qualities. Phoenix Jackson is an old Negro woman (456). Being black and female in Natchez, Nfississippi, any time prior to 1963 was particularly treacherous. Since Phoenix refers to the â€Å"Surrender,† the reader knows that she lived during and after the Civil War. This fact confirms that society afforded her little respect. Indeed, the majority ofwhite people would have considered her little more than an animal. However, an investigation of Phoeribes interaction with other (obviously white) characters in the story proves that her noble character commands respect despite her age, race, and sex. For exam ­ple, when the hunter points his gun at her, Phoenix responds by standing firm and facing him straight on. The hunter’s respect is evident in this comment, ‘Well, Granny, you must be a hundred years old and scared of nothing’ (460). Fur ­thermore, when the elegant lady on the street stoops to tie Phoerlik’s shoes, the reader sees Phoenik’s commanding, noble character at work. In fact, it would appear that out of a crowd of people, Phoenix actually chooses this one particu ­lar woman to lace up her shoes: She paused quietly on the sidewalk where people were passing by. A lady came along in the crowd, carrying an armful of†¦presents; she gave off perfume like the red roses in hot summer, and Phoenix stopped her (460). Tradition says the phoenix bird has an affinity for frankin ­cense, aromatic gums, and spices. It is also worthwhile to note that the â€Å"nice lady,† as well as the hunter, initially responds to Phoenix In a negative, perhaps derogatory, way by calling her â€Å"Granny’ or â€Å"Grandma.† But in the final analysis, the lady is (at least momentarily) at Phoenix7s feet, and the hunter voices his admiration. Phoenix’s physical stature stands in sharp contrast to the enormity of her journey. Welty establishes in the first para ­graph that Phoenix is very old and small. Me fact that her walking could be aided and sustained by a thin, small cane made from an umbrella provides the reader with a graphic Illustration of her diminutive size. Her small size, of course, emphasizes, by contrast, Phoenixs giant‑sized determination and perseverance. Effects of old age, particularly poor eyesight, intensifies Phoenix’s dangerous trek. When the path runs up a hill, Phoenix says, â€Å"Seem like there is chains about my feet, time I get this far† (457). Poor vision is indicated throughout the story, for example, â€Å"Old eyes thought you was a pretty little green bush† (457). However, one uncanny incident occurs regarding PhoenbCs eyesight. She sees â€Å"†¦with her own eyes a flashing nickel fall out of the man’s pocket onto the ground† (459). This episode supports the parallel drawn between Phoenix and the firebird‑‑she exercises ‘bird‑like† vision. Perhaps she has long contemplated what she would do if she had a nickel or a dime.

Commitment and Dedication

As a Boy Scout what commitment and dedication mean to me is being completely ready to carry out my responsibilities as a Boy Scout. I will do my very best to uphold my duties and responsibilities in the best way that I can, and I will always be willing to help others, if a situation arises. I will always appreciate the experience and knowledge that I have gained while being a Boy Scout and I will also encourage others to join.I will remain dedicated and committed to my title and I will do my very best to use my knowledge for the good of others. Whenever I am in a situation where I must choose between my Boy Scout meetings or play, I will do my very best to attend the meetings. I will remain a loyal Boy Scout who values the time he has spent in the Boy Scouts and will strive to demonstrate the skills that I have learned. I will also always remember to respect my fellow Boy Scouts and remain a good friend to them.I will always be committed to helping them and be fully dedicated as a Bo y Scout. My dedication and commitment will always remain with me, for I am grateful for the ones who trained me to be knowledgeable in so many areas and I will always appreciate them for the dedication and commitment that they gave to me. Dedication and commitment are two things that the Boy Scouts have taught me that I will keep with me and appreciate for the rest of my life.

Burger King Beefs Up Global Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Burger King Beefs Up Global Operations - Essay Example The corporate headquarters of Burger King is located in Miami, Florida. Miami is often referred to by Latinos as the capital of Latin America. The firm’s reputation in Miami which is one of the cities in the United States with the highest population of Latinos spilled over into the rest of Latin America (Uts, 2011). In terms of geographic considerations the proximity of Miami to the South America and the Caribbean region enhances the ability of Burger King’s management to visit these countries and for franchisees to visit corporate headquarters. Marketing is the value chain activity that adds greatest value to the company. The success of Burger King is highly dependent on its ability to attract return customers. Advertising has been used by the company to build the brand value of the firm. The company finances a lot of its marketing budget by charging its franchisees a 4% marketing fee on all sales which is independent of the 4.5% royalty fee it charges (About, 2011). 3 . The international expansion of Burger King came at a slower pace than its main competitor in the fast food industry, McDonald’s. An advantage of being the first to the market is that first entrants create greater brand value recognition than followers (Kotler, 2003). A second advantage of entering a market first is the ability to obtain a greater market share. Companies that follow have to invest a lot of money in advertising to steal market share away from the first entrant. A third advantage of being first in the market is the ability to lock up contracts with suppliers. This is very important especially in markets that have a limited amount of suppliers. The most important supplier for a hamburger chain is the slaughterhouses that provide the meat. On the other hand it is advantageous to enter the market later because the first entrant takes all the risks of the market not being suitable for the product the company offers. Another advantage of entering later is that the first entrant spends large amounts of capital to build up the demand for the product and is also responsible for creating the supplier network. 4. An advantage for a company such as Burger King in comparison with local merchants is that Burger King has greater purchasing power than the competition. Burger King can take advantage of economies of scale and as a consequence the firm can implement a lower price structure to attract customers. The local merchants have advantages over Burger King such as having a fixed customer base and greater knowledge of the customers eating preferences. 5. Burger King has more than 2/3 of its stores located in North America. The company has to move away from this strategy due to the fact that the fast food industry in this region is very saturated particularly in the United States. There are over 160,000 fast food restaurants located in the United States of America (Numberof, 2010). The company’s strategy must change to achieve greater internat ional penetration. Burger King currently has a physical presence in only 40% of the 210 countries worldwide (Garabain, 2008). Emerging economies should be the prime target of Burger King particularly the BRICS (Lukyanov, 2011). The BRICS is composed of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. The population of China and India combined represent 36.66% of the world’s population. 6. It is advantageous to penetrate countries that have large numbers of youth and shopping centers. The main consumers of fast food are teenagers, generation

The Pepsi Challenge Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Pepsi Challenge - Case Study Example The case study deals with Pespi Inc. and the issues it faces with the implementation of enterprise software platform throughout the length and breadth of the organisation. The organisation faces challenges on several fronts. It confronts resistance to change - from the different business divisions, high costs of implementation and labour issues. The organisation's transition to a techno savvy business entity has not been smooth and this report aims to analyse the different incidents which that comes across. Autonomy and fragmentation are the biggest obstacles that the organisation has to resolve. Autonomy is charectised by the reluctance of the different divisions to follow suit in pursuance of a central data warehousing system -because of a variety of reasons. Fragmentation is apparent due to the different software and hardware supports on which the different sections of this huge organisation runs. The purpose of this report is to firstly identify the chief areas of concern that the organisation is facing, and secondly suggest alternatives to the top management so that these problems can be overcome. The case brief outlines the steps that the management has already taken to chalk out a path for the organisation towards becoming an IT backed system - which also includes the problems it has encountered on the way. This report aims to explore newer opportunities that could have gone unnoticed by the management. It is understood that the organisation is huge - Pepsi operates in over 200 countries and the group revenues were to the tune of 43,251 million U.S. dollars in the fiscal year of 2008 (We are Performance with Purpose - Pepsico 2008 Annual Report, 2008). So the challenges that such a company would face while implementing a different outlook towards IT would, invariably be enormous. Background The background of the report is a case brief which deals at length with Pepsi, the issues it faces with the implementation of enterprise software and the efforts that need to be taken by the company in order to overcome the situation. The organisation is faced with several challenges - it operates in a highly competitive market, which is heavily dependent on the prices of the raw material and with issues to tackle major socio - political issues across the globe. It is in this background that the company has embarked on a mission to come up with a leaner supply chain and better data warehousing. "We depend on information technology as an enabler to improve the effectiveness of our operations and to interface with our customers, as well as to maintain financial accuracy and efficiency", states the latest annual report of the company (We are Performance with Purpose - Pepsico 2008 Annual Report, 2008). Approach/ Methodology/ Theoretical Framework The case brief required a thorough analysis. It was found necessary to visit the official

Social Work and the Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Social Work and the Law - Case Study Example In other instances, abuse reports from hospital visits were ignored and the child was returned to her abusers. The Timeline article noted that three social workers were sacked after a public inquiry by Lord Laming found them guilty of negligence. Since Victoria's death, there has been an upheaval in reforms to protect children, young people and vulnerable adults, especially in the areas of social work and the government in the UK. Under the Children's Act of 2004 (Smith 2005), legislation in the following areas has been introduced: physical and mental health, emotional well being, protection from harm and neglect, education training and recreation, contributions by children to society, and social and economic well being. The question becomes whether these generalized areas can become focused enough to matter. Studies indicate that the basic areas affected by the Act are the rights of children through the revised Mental Health Act; needs of pupils through Qualification and Curriculum Authority (QCA)__related to the number of new international family arrivals; disability awareness training; the Education Act 2005; help for people with dementia through the International Health Study related to quality of life; the need for new legislation prohibiting discrimination because of sexual orientation, and the effort to balance work and life in the community (Background 2006). This is an ambitious enterprise, but given past history, it is not likely that the Children Act 2004 will resolve all of the issues in conflict. There is presently a two-year assessment underway funded by the Nuffield Foundation which began in October 2004 and will continue to September 2006. The assessment is based on the Human Rights Act of 1998 which brought the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) into UK domestic law, and the purpose is to determine anti-discriminatory measures available under the Equality Bill which extend to children and young people (All Party Parliamentary 2005). One concern in the Climbi inquiry was allegation of racism. Victoria was African and spoke little English (Timeline 2003). At present, no police officers criticised by the inquiry have lost their jobs, and one of the social workers involved has been allowed to resume working with children (Climbi Inquiry 2005). With anti-discrimination a key concern in the UK and Blacks, ethnic minorities and the disabled the focus of many reforms underway, the social aims of the UK government are commendable, but one wonders if they can actually chan ge public perception in a way that creates a safe environment for children. The policies contained in the law have weaknesses. The Equality Bill allows for enforcement against anti-discriminatory actions, but, according to the Child Impact Statement, "its powers in relation to the Human Rights Act 1998 are primarily promotional." Clause 9(2)(a) of the Equality Bill defines human rights as ECHR rights specifically, though subsection (b) enables the new Commission on Equality and Human Rights to exercise its functions in respect of other human rights. This could include the UN Convention on the Rights of the

No title page not yet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

No title page not yet - Essay Example Some shows can make people smarter because of their sophisticated plots and moral dilemmas. Like Johnson, I appreciate the fast-paced plots and realistic characters of 24. I know that Jack Bauer makes hard decisions, as he uses violence and deception to accomplish his goal of saving thousands of civilians. These kinds of TV shows compel people to think about multilayered meanings of intentions and interests that are present in everyday realities, and which can be more complex as people go up the levels of social and political institutions. Instead of predicting shows because of their repetitive formula plots, people cannot always determine what will happen next and they are strained to think more, so that they can understand the plot and characters. On the contrary, I do not agree that all TV shows follow the Sleeper Curve, if the audiences do not have critical and inference skills to start with. I do not believe that parents should allow children to watch shows that have high content of sex and violence. They do not have enough critical thinking skills to know what is right or wrong, and what is real and made-up. It is like a neighbor who likes 24 for its action content, but is not interested in making inferences about the plot and the people. Instead, I hear him saying that Muslims are mainly terrorists and that many immigrants are criminals. He does not have the skills to attain the Sleeper Curve as Johnson describes it. Instead of thinking better, he feeds on the stereotypes that the show presents. The Sleeper Curve is not true for all. It only applies to people who have critical thinking and logic skills. Present-day TV shows might be smarter, but unless people have developed their cognitive skills, they are not better off watching them. Sometimes, they are even worse off, if they use it to reinforce their prejudice

Individual Exercise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Individual Exercise - Essay Example On the other hand, not all investors are able to enter in this market because of the huge amounts of capital that is required in order to start up a company. It is for this reason that the threat of new entrants in this market is moderate. The bargaining power of customers also affects the nature of competition in this market. Customers in this case are airlines who purchase the commercial jets. These companies have no substitute product and therefore have to buy aircraft. This makes the bargaining power of customers to be low. The level of competition is high in this market is because of new entries in the market who have decreased their prices significantly. This has in turn increases the pricing pressure on a company like Boeing. For instant, Boeing 737MAX-7 with a capacity of 130 passengers is listed at $85 million, while Bombardier’s largest C series model with the same capacity goes for $71 (Forbes, 2014). Suppliers in this industry are seen to be having a low bargaining power because their customers only include aircraft manufacturers. These manufacturers are few as compared to the number of suppliers in the market. Fly Dubai is in its development phase. Flydubai is committed to making air travel affordable for its customers (Flydubai, 2014). This gives them the opportunity of attracting many customers and retaining them. The threat that this airline faces is high competition in this market from more established airlines that operate worldwide. The fact that it is low cost brings out the threat of not being able to cater for the operating costs incurred by the company. The competitive structure of DRAM market is characterized by many competitors who have expanded their capacity into the production of semiconductor chips. For this reason, companies need to be innovative in order to succeed in this market. There is also no barrier to enter into this market which encourages many companies to enter this market.

Cyborg Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cyborg - Essay Example Haraway notes the frequent occurrence of cyborg life aspects of life in modern medicine, as individuals regularly implement machines or medicine to survive or live fuller lives. More specifically, the notion of the cyborg comes to be aligned with socialist-feminism in the 20th century. In these regards, Haraway notes, â€Å"The cyborg is a creature in a post-gender world† (Haraway, p. 2). Within this notion of understanding, there are a number of manifestations of this cyborg reality in the post-modern cultural landscape. This essay examines the emergence of Haraway’s cyborg within bounce music. In examining the theory of the cyborg within bounce music it’s necessary to consider the nature of this musical genre. Emerging in the late 1980s bounce music is a version of New Orleans hip-hop (Dee 2010). While it contains many traditional hip-hop elements, including rap lyrics and sampled beats, the genre is also very different from other forms of rap. In these regards , prominent bounce musicians have experimented with post-modern gender concerns and have implemented what is referred to as ‘drag rap’ vocals. Another prominent aspects are the lyrics, which are â€Å"mostly about sex and are so habitually obscene that they have helped keep bounce from spreading too far beyond its New Orleans borders† (Dee 2010, pg. ... 2). These cyborg elements are directly witnessed in many of the aesthetic formulations that have emerged in bounce music. One of the most prominent such versions of this occurs through the bounce music performer named Big Freedia. Big Freedia is the stage name of Freddie Ross. With the Big Freedia character Ross dresses in drag and performs bounce music. It is this exploration of sexuality and perversity that are characteristic elements of the cyborg. Indeed, one considers that the theory of the cyborg presents a version of the modern human as existing in a post-gender environment. While many of the prominent themes in rap music value realism and a gritty depiction of street life, bounce music differs as it explores hybrid themes and increased emphasis on irony. Such themes, as shown above, are both prominent elements in Haraway’s theory of the cyborg. Another prominent example of these themes of irony can be seen in terms of the bounce music videos. One prominent artist in th ese regards is Katey Red. In her video ‘Where Da Melph At’ the director films a woman seated in a car. As the woman places on a bounce music CD the music begins and a house of people with bright colored pajamas exit and begin dancing to the music. The scene is one of great absurdity and humor, yet in this scene one witnesses what Haraway has envisioned as a modern manifestation of the human condition. In these regards, the perversity as seen in the dancing where the individuals rapidly shake their rear-ends. In addition, the bright colored pajamas also reflect the Haraway’s ironic criteria. Another prominent criterion of the cyborg is the breaking down of the separation of the human and the animal. Haraway notes that the,

The Conflict Between the Arguments for Determinism and Free

The Conflict Between the Arguments for Determinism and Freedom Essay 1. Discuss the conflict between the arguments for determinism and freedom. Everyone in this world has asked this very old question: Are we humans really free in our willing and choosing, or are we predetermined to be and to do what antecedent â€Å"programmingâ€Å" dictates? We feel great for the things we go correct but we feel guilty and blame ourselves for bad decisions. How can we be sure the existence of freedom exists and not that its just a plain illusion. We also find ourselves in a dilemma we have to sides we have the feeling of being free and on the other side we have a feeling of being etermined to accomplish something. In reality we come to the real human dilemma we are both determined and free; and somehow work around the contradictions until we achieve a viable understanding on how both can be true. We as humans operate on the assumption that human beings can be morally and legally responsible -if our assumption of freedom is false, then life as we live it is a cruel joke founded upon a tragic illusion. We are not what we think we are; life is not what we think it is; the rules of the game are not what we thought. Skinner’s way of thinking, â€Å"freedom is a myth, and a dangerous yth because we have invested the myth and its symbol (â€Å"freedom†) with something close to sacred qualities. Freedom is an emotion that is a conditioned response, conditioned (cause) response. If we can’t explain human choice by cause and effect, then there is no answer. There is no other way to explain human choice. No explanation for what freedom means . By selecting specific causes and (stimuli), desire effects (responses) will result. Sartre is convinced that there is no determinism of any kind . Nothing tells me what to do, I decide; I myself decide, I cannot blame God, or others or y past environment , I am now what I make myself to be, I have to accept the consequences of my own freedom, take the responsibility for my decisions, and face the consequences thereof. Environment influences my freedom. Confuse my freedom with uperconditioning. Sartre claimed that man is condemned to be free. A person is the center of freedom. We exist in a world without guidelines. Nothing = no meaning. We live in two realities objective which is real and the subjective not real. Its choose what I want to be and become- so human meaning is nothing. Meaningful things in life would be: ultural norms, what u was brought out to be, and social norms. But to live means to dream a million dreams and forge ahead to catch the fullness of our being. There is nothing to help us, because the moment we became conscious of what we are, then we became responsible for everything we are and do. Freewill: the human consciousness is not subject to the same casual principles that the scientists assumes to operate in the rest of the physical world. A human is free, absolutely and unconditionally free; â€Å"there is no determinism-man is free, man is freedom†. Sartre: human life is inescapably tragic. Live life without myth: means for an explanation for life, getting through life with the human condition and living with that. This can have self cons to make yourself feel better. Sartre wants us to be accountable for our doings, what we do is our responsibility, we assume the consequences for our doings. He doesn’t want us to loose our freedom. Self deception becomes the center of consciousness that becomes and ties with the egocentric predicament. We have to be authentic in our minds choice becomes ours, our actions our own, and the consequences ours. We see how freedom becomes more of a choice, eterminism as the definition defines it: the assumption or doctrine that every event in the universe has a prior cause and that all effects are at least theoretically predictable in all the causes are known; becomes conflicting with freedom, because freedom as I mentioned is more of a choice, because every choice we make comes with a consequence. Its not predictable as determinisms explains. 3. Discuss Toynbee’s â€Å"organismic interpretation† of history. How is it different from that of Marx and Hegel ?  Arnold Toynbee’s Study of History was a research program where he discovered he meaning of history and of the western civilization. In his study he discovered patterns. Consistent, clear patterns of birth, growth, maturity, decline, disintegration, and death for each and every civilization in the world. To him the patterns were unmistakable, and he tried to study the movements of civilizations without prior doctrinal commitment. He believed that the patterns he was were real, not subjective. He gave labels to the stages of development; a â€Å"primitive society†, â€Å" creative minority†, and the â€Å"dominant minority†. Toynbee’s philosophy of history runs something like this: individuals experience a state f peace and contentment, then disillusionment and suffering, after that comes salvaging of values, then again a period of contentment and peace and the cycle repeats itself again. What Toynbee was saying in general was that people don’t get down to the business of assessing life’s values until their loss compels them to do so. In other words individuals learn by suffering, and only by suffering. But they learn and thereby alter the pattern of their civilization. Friedrich Hegel’s and Karl Marx way of thinking is way different that Toynbee’s history view. Friedrich Hegel stated that the thought process moves in a three beat rhythm that he called the â€Å"dialectic†. It begins with an idea, thesis, then proceeds to develop into its opposite, the anti-thesis; after that the mind sees the relatedness of the thesis and the antithesis and weaves them together into a synthesis. This synthesis, in turn, become another thesis, and so the dialectic repeats itself. The dialectic effects comprehension of the connections of the content of thought. Hegel was quite sure that that was the way Gods mind works. He said that God is pure thought or in his own words the Absolute Mind. He is no love or compassion, just pure thought. The Absolute Mind of God manifests reason through the human mind and therefore in human history. He mentioned that whenever people think and act more rationally, they are actualizing God’s will, and this progressive manifestation of logic is the theological purpose underlying human history. Human kind is a crucial part of the program, that man was becoming more reasonable. All of this would end in a state that Hegel described as â€Å"pure thought thinking about pure thought† or in other worlds Absolute mind contemplating itself. Karl Marx as one of Hegel’s students but as other students found the whole Absolute Mind thing was just dispassionate. He believed in Hegel’s â€Å"dialectic† and he believed it was real. But Marx saw it more as a â€Å"materialistic dialectic† an in his vision is was a dialectic of social struggle determined by man’s economic needs. Class struggle creates the three-beat rhythm. Marx interpretation is contrast to Hegel’s theistic dialectic. All Marxists know that history has purpose; it follows â€Å"inexorable law† toward a goal-the classless society where equality, justice, and plenty will prevail. Each individual is a part of history’s drama.

Conflict between Freedom and Determinism

Conflict between Freedom and Determinism Freedom, Determinism Responsibility Instructions Demonstrate an understanding of the underlying conflict between freedom and determinism and the various options for resolving that conflict. Demonstrate my own thinking about the problem, must show that I have made a determined effort to grapple with the problem. Essay is written for a cold audience; theyre smart, but they have no prior knowledge of what Im talking about. Try to organize your essay so that each part of it builds up a defence of your position. Introduction The idea that human beings exercise free will seems commonsensical; that is, we understand that when we act, we were capable of acting otherwise than we did. It may come as a surprise to hear that this is actually a hotly contested claim, and it has been subjected to philosophical scrutiny for thousands of years. The position that I will be defending is called hard determinism, a view that up until several months ago, I was blissfully unaware even existed. Hard determinism is the view that humans exist within the causal loop of the universe, that our actions are inextricably bound to the laws of nature. It proposes that human behaviour is caused by an individuals personality, desires and values, but that their personality, desires and values are caused by external antecedent factors over which the individual has no control. These factors can range anywhere from genetic predisposition to their upbringing to the cultural norms of the society they happened to be born in. In short, hard determinism rejects the notion of human agency. The objective of my paper is two-fold: 1) To make the argument that the thesis of determinism does not undermine our every day conceptualization of the will, but simply proposes an explanation for the cause of what we call moral behaviour. 2) To make the argument that the thesis of free will and moral responsibility does not cohere with the thesis of determinism; or in other words, to attack the compatibilist/soft-determinist view. Different interpretations of determinisms truth exist. So I guess here I would outline specifically what the different views of determinism are, just like that dudes paper LOL. I would identify mine and elaborate on the arguments. This definition admits a â€Å"will† or a desire-that-produces-action, but it admits no â€Å"free will† or free desire. Libertarians subscribe to the notion that human actions are uncaused and undetermined. They operate on the premise that humans are capable of originating acts, initiating a sequence of events, self-governing and thus we are independent of natural causal chains. Clearly formulate and explain the position you hold. In order to defend your position of hard determinism, I need to undermine their defence of freedom. Libertarians attack determinism by making a case for the exceptions theyre pointing to. Their only point of attack to make a case of their counter example; I need to prove their counter-example is not true. You can point to the sorts of suppositions that libertarians are making about human beings. Question the plausibility of those suppositions; the idea that were autonomous, the idea that we exist somehow outside of the causal loop. I also argue against the claim of human uniqueness held by Libertarian philosophers, so look at Chisholm and look at Lewis, who kind of touches on that. Libertarians argue that humans are capable of originating acts, initiating a sequence of events, self-governing and thus we are independent of natural causal chains. Libertarians maintain that freedom and moral responsibility are logically incompatible with determinism. They believe that for humans to be free, there must be some instances, fundamentally, human action, which are not the effects of causal antecedents. But if this were true, then the human will must be subject to a special kind of explanation. Libertarians seem to support partial determinism, which suggests a break in the ongoing process of cause and effect. For instance, history is not characterized by a linear progression, whereby one cause produces certain effects and so on ad infinitum. Instead, life can be described as a vast tree with an infinite number of branches, which divide into numerous possible directions. Yet, for human action to transcend causal determinism one of two possibilities must be fulfilled: i) events themselves must be uncaused and therefore random, or ii) particular events must be causi sui (the cause of itself). Refuting the compatibilist/soft-determinist poses more of a challenge, as they share common ground with a hard determinist. Outline the main points and objectives of my paper and establish which of the 3 classical positions I hold. In this case, it is hard determinism. As such, I seek to prove that the thesis of free will does not and cannot cohere with the thesis of determinism. I also argue that the thesis of determinism does not undermine our every day conceptualization of the â€Å"will,† it simply â€Å"proposes the source of what causes us to fall back on moral behaviour.† Then why do we act morally? Because it is evolutionarily useful for us to do so. Ruse says that true morality developed over time evolutionarily. Talk about monkeys nigga lol. Well see how that works out. For both of the following paragraphs, draw specific arguments from the readings, explain those arguments in my own words, critically assess the arguments and make clear why you accept or reject those arguments. Its harder to defend yourself against soft determinism. Give the main argument or arguments in its defence. State as clearly and forcefully as you can the main objections which would be raised by those holding the other positions. So here I can explain libertarianism and soft determinism. Rebut those objections. Libertarians argue that humans are capable of originating acts, initiating a sequence of events, self-governing and thus we are independent of natural causal chains. Libertarians maintain that freedom and moral responsibility are logically incompatible with determinism. They believe that for humans to be free, there must be some instances, fundamentally, human action, which are not the effects of causal antecedents. But if this were true, then the human will must be subject to a special kind of explanation. Libertarians seem to support partial determinism, which suggests a break in the ongoing process of cause and effect. For instance, history is not characterized by a linear progression, whereby one cause produces certain effects and so on ad infinitum. Instead, life can be described as a vast tree with an infinite number of branches, which divide into numerous possible directions. Yet, for human action to transcend causal determinism one of two possibilities must be fulfilled: i) events themselves must be uncaused and therefore random, or ii) particular events must be causi sui (the cause of itself). Human independence in the strong sense for our lives to be meaningful and important. How do you hold people morally responsible in a deterministic world? Focus on the deliberative process; theres no compulsion or constraint, then were freely deliberating and thus can be held morally responsible. Libertarians often worry about â€Å"objective worth.† Look at Kane in Fischer. Its true that all of our behaviour is causally determined. Look at Widerker and how he talks about how youd act if there was an announcement that the universe is deterministic. Would you feel like your life is meaningless? A third argument for incompatibilism was formulated by Carl Ginet in the 1960s and has received much attention in the modern literature. The simplified argument runs along these lines: if determinism is true, then we have no control over the events of the past that determined our present state and no control over the laws of nature. Since we can have no control over these matters, we also can have no control over the consequences of them. Since our present choices and acts, under determinism, are the necessary consequences of the past and the laws of nature, then we have no control over them and, hence, no free will. Opposition to determinism promotes that without belief in uncaused free will, humans will not have reason to behave ethically. Determinism, however, does not negate emotions and reason of a person, but simply proposes the source of what causes us to fall back on moral behavior. Anyone susceptible to immoral actions from the idea of determinism was susceptible before and does not hold strong moral judgment prior to the idea. Determinism implies the moral differences between two people are caused by hereditary predispositions and environmental effects and events. Simply because the cause of a persons morality (depending on the branch of determinism) is not entirely themselves, this does not mean determinists are against punishment of people who commit crimes: independent of moral judgement, punishment can still serve to modify a persons behaviour. Another point of view is that if determinism is true, and free will is not, then morality and ethics are meaningless concepts. Morality and ethics require that a choice can be made in order for these concepts to have any meaning. But if a person has no choice, in the case of a deterministic world with no free will, then it does not make sense to say whether individuals can make more (or less) ethical or moral choices, because there are no options available to them except the one they must deterministically follow. I will use the words determinism and causality interchangeably to mean approximately the same thing, with determinism referring to the more general state of the world and causality referring to more specific causal relationships. On the other hand, Sam has argued that morality can be studied scientifically. This would require operationally defining morality (Harris suggests a definition akin to a behaviors probability of maximizing human wellbeing but the definition itself is not the focus of his argument). Harris goes on to suggest that, given that human brains have certain properties, we could go on to identify objectively superior moral frameworks; that is, multiple optimized ethical systems may emerge that satisfy our definition of moral.

Vocabulary Component Of Language

Vocabulary Component Of Language Vocabulary is an important component of language knowledge because without knowing lots of vocabulary students will get difficulty when they express their ideas. As Zhihong (2000:18) said, Without a sufficient vocabulary, one cannot communicate effectively or express ideas. It means that having limited vocabulary might cause difficulty for students as foreign language learners to communicate with others and express their ideas. They might be stuck when using the language. According to Luppescu and Day (1993: 266), Building a large vocabulary is essential when learning English because people with large vocabularies are more proficient than those with limited vocabularies. In other words, when students have lots of vocabulary, they can communicate relatively well than those who lack of vocabulary. Thus, students should have enough English vocabulary in order to be able to undertake their studies successfully. Having lots of English vocabulary is important for anyone who wants to use the language. Decarrico (2001: 205) states, Vocabulary learning is central to language acquisition, whether first, second, or foreign. It means that learning vocabulary is the prior component that must be given to the students during their study of the language. They must he exposed with the vocabulary of the language they are studying. Thus, teachers are expected to develop their students r I 2 vocabulary by giving them the techniques or strategies of learning vocabulary. In the same fashion, students are also expected to have their own strategies in learning vocabulary. According to August and her colleagues (available at pwww.readinrockets.orWarticle/9943), vocabulary learning strategies include: Dictionary use In this strategy, learners can find multiple word meanings as well as importance of choosing the appropriate definition to fit the particular context. Morphemic Analysis This strategy is the process of deriving a words meaning by analyzing its meaningful parts or morphemes. Such word parts include root words, prefixes and suffixes. Contextual Analysis It involves inferring the meaning of an unfamiliar word by scrutinizing the text surrounding it. Instruction in contextual analysis generally involves teaching students to employ both generic and specific types of context clues. They also suggest several strategies that appear to be especially valuable for building the vocabularies of English Language Learners. These strategies include taking advantage of students first language if the language shares cognates with English, teaching the meaning of basic words, and providing sufficient review and reinforcement. Based on the several strategies given above, it can be said that vocabulary learning strategies are specific actions taken by the learner to make 3 learning easier, faster, more enjoyable, more self directed, more effective, and more transferable to new situations. Nation (1986:3) has listed 3,000 high-frequency English words and recommends these words as the basis of selection and order of vocabulary in teaching English at schools. He said that the learners of English as a foreign language need to master a productive knowledge and receptive knowledge of 1,000 and 2,000 high-frequency words. These skills will enable learners to communicate their ideas in the language they are studying whether in oral or written. Nurweni and Read (1999: 161) conducted the study in Lampung and discovered that students had some knowledge of 1226 English words. They also cited several researches: Quin (1968) conducted a vocabulary size of High School students graduated in Salafga and discovered that the subjects knew less than 1,000 of the most frequent English words after six years of study in high school and another study conducted by Suwarno Kartini (1998) in Bengkulu, they discovered that the students knew around 2,000 of the high-frequency words. All of the researches were about the vocabulary size of Indonesian learners especially students of High School (University level); the result showed that their vocabulary knowledge was still limited. The recent researches about vocabulary knowledge were conducted by Karwuur (2005) and Kurniawati (2004:ii). Karwuur conducted her research by analyzing the junior high schools English textbooks. She analyzed three English textbooks used by junior high school levels and discovered that those books 4 contain 1196 high-frequency words out of 2000 high-frequency words listed in Nation (1986:10-80). Kurniawati conducted a study of vocabulary knowledge of junior high school stuqents in several state junior high schools in Jakarta and discovered that the students were estimated to know 819 words receptively and 409 words productively out of 1,000 and 2,000 vocabulary levels. In Indonesia, English is a compulsory subject for students from elementary school to university level. As stated in the 1999 English Curriculum, students of junior high school are expected to have good language skills so that they are able to communicate well. Based on it, students in Junior High School level are expected to cover 1,000 words. From all the research above, there has not been any research yet to discover the vocabulary size ofjunior high school based on English textbooks. The explanation above inspired the researcher to find out more about the size of students English vocabulary at Junior High School in Jakarta based on the vocabulary found in their textbooks used at Junior High School level. 1.2 Problem Statement Based on the background of the study above, the researcher is interested in finding out the number of words known by the students of Junior High School based on their textbooks. The research question of this study is formulated as follow: How much is the size of the junior high school students knowledge of the English vocabulary learned from their textbooks? 5 1.3 Target Population The population of my research is Junior High School (SMP) level students. From this population, the sample for this particular survey is the third level of SMP students. They are students who are taken from several private schools in Jakarta. 1.4 Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study is to investigate the English vocabulary size of Junior High School students, especially those from private schools in Jakarta. .1.5 Limitation of the study This study is limited to third graders junior high school students located in Jakarta. The number of the students included is 311 students. 1.6 Weaknesses of the Study The researcher realized that this study has some weaknesses. Among them are: This study is emphasized only in English vocabulary size There is no clear border between receptive and productive competence in order to measure vocabulary size ofjunior high school students 6 The time taken is limited because the population was being prepared for the National examination, so that the researcher has limited time to take the data needed. 1.7 Benefit of the Study Hopefully, this study gives information about the vocabulary size ofjunior high school students. It is expected that the information is useful as an input for English teachers to know their students English achievement especially their vocabulary. Thus, the teacher might be able to prepare the lesson with good techniques and strategies in order to lead the students more interested and motivated in expanding their vocabulary, especially the high-frequency words and studying English. C 7 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW In this chapter, vocabulary in language learning will be firstly discussed, followed by testing vocabulary, then vocabulary selection and kinds of vocabulary size test. Finally, measuring vocabulary size will be explained in the last part of this chapter. 2.1. Vocabulary in Language Learning Coady and Hicklin (1997:5) stated that, Vocabulary is central to language and of critical important to the typical language learner. Zhang Xi (1992:3 3) also says that, Mastering vocabulary is an important aspect of learning a language. It can be concluded that vocabulary is very crucial for the language learners to acquire and master. In English learning process vocabulary is still quite difficult for students to acquire new or unfamiliar words. In fact, if the students do not know enough words, it is impossible for students to understand ideas to express their thought. As Luppescu Day (1993:265) said, Building a large vocabulary is essential when learning language because learners with large vocabularies are more proficient than those with limited vocabularies. It means that students will succeed if they have much vocabulary because they know what should they speak, write and they can comprehend what they hear and read. It is also supported by Anderson and Freebody (1981: 77), Voc abulary knowledge is an excellent predictor of general language ability. In the language use, vocabulary becomes n 8 important to them so it must be paid attention by both teachers and students. In this case teachers have many roles in the process of teaching and learning vocabulary because not only the meaning of words but also the words knowledge whereas the students should be active in learning process. Harmer (199 1:242) states that, In playing the role of facilitating, the teacher should always be ready to offer help if it is needed and is available whenever the students wish to consult them. Thus, the teacher should make a good plan in teaching English especially vocabulary and prepare the lesson by using an interesting method. Courtright and Wesolek in their research report (2001:3) indicate that, It is an importance to incorporate interactive vocabulary activities into English classes. It can be designed to fulfill the following purposes: 1. Exposure (concept of clarifying word meaning and illustrate appropriate usage) 2. Expansion (concept of using the appropriate word form in context) 3. Expression (concept of demonstrating word knowledge in either oral or written original expression using the target words) While each of the three purposes should be covered at each level of language proficiency, the proportion of class time spent on activities for each purpose will vary according to the level of the students. At beginning levels like junior high school students for example, teachers tend to spend more time clarifying the meaning or exposing the students to the words and refining usage. Moreover the material and interesting media selection need to be given more .9 attention to the teachers as a facilitator in the learning process in order to increase the students vocabulary size. In the learning process, the goal of learning plays an important role in the main point. As stated in the English curriculum ofjunior high school (Depdiknas 1999) that the goal of vocabulary learning of Junior high school student who use English as a foreign language is to prepare themselves with vocabulary that can be used in expressing idea and communicating with other people. Furthermore, they are also expected to master 1,000 words. The curriculum states both the number of words which should be acquired and the list of words that should be taught. In the other words, junior high school students are provided with the amount of vocabulary which is classified into some topics. Based on this reason, students need to prepare themselves with a good language skill in order.to be able to communicate their ideas in the target language both oral and written. According to the foreign language teaching methodology, linguistic competence is generally categorized into skills that refer to both receptive competence (listening and reading) and productive competence (speaking and writing). As cited by Herudjati and Hendarti (2004:v), The crucial role of teachers is to help students master the target language. It means that the process of mastering the target language, the students need teachers role to fulfill final purpose of the learning language. In this case, the teachers as both motivators and facilitators must be wisely motivated, facilitated, and encouraged students to improve their productive competence. Thus the teachers role is very important to I I 10 motivate their students in learning vocabulary especially to stimulate the students in producing their vocabulary whether in oral or written language. Besides teachers role, textbook usage is also one of important factors to support the learning process. According to Kizilirmak (1991 :47)The textbook, after all, is the main resource of the material for most language teachers. It was also agreed by Karwuur(2005:i3), that textbook is one of the teaching materials which is the most accessible and effective for most teachers to support their teaching programs. Thus, the students achievement should be considered with the role of the textbook usage during the learning process. From the theory above, this study will be focused on the students vocabulary achievement based on their textbooks target. 2.2 Testing Vocabulary According to Novozhilova (Available at: jip://www. natek.freenet.kz/novozhilova.html), Testing is an important part of every teaching and learning experience. Well-made test of English can help students in at least two ways. First, such tests can help create positive attitudes toward the ciass. Second, English tests can benefit students is by helping them master the language. Properly, made English test can help create positive attitudes toward instruction by giving students a sense of accomplishment and a feeling that the teachers evaluation of them matches what he has taught them. It is also agreed by Nation (1999:8). He said that testing usually has two effects: (1) It provides information for the teacher and learners; (2) it influences the teachers I 11 and learners attitudes. That is, testing can encourage learning and arouse interest in it. Besides those effects of the testing above, good English tests also help students to learn the language by requiring them to study hard, emphasizing course objectives, and showing them where they need to improve. In other word, the result of tests can help teachers answer the important question Have I been effective in my teaching? It means that the tests can be used to diagnose our own efforts as well as those of our students. Then, test is beneficial for students, teachers, and even administrators by confirming progress that has been made and showing how can best redirect our future efforts. In addition, good test can sustain or enhance class morale and aid learning. Test of language sub skills do not show exactly how well a person uses English, but they can help teachers diagnose students strengths and weaknesses in oral or written communication. Generally, language tests are simply instruments or procedures for gathering particular kinds of information, typically information related with students language abilities. In this case, the test of vocabulary is used to diagnose areas of student needs or sources of learning difficulties, to reflect on the effectiveness of materials and activities, and to encourage students involvement in the learning progress for further classroom- based applications of language test. Novozhiiova adds that the reasons for testing can be identified as follows: 1. Testing tells teachers what students can or cannot do-in order words, tests show the teachers how successful their teaching has been. It provides I 12 wash-back from them to adjust and change course content and teaching style where necessary. 2. Testing tells students how well they are progressing. This may stimulate them to take learning more seriously. 3. By identifying students strength and weaknesses, testing can help identify areas for remedial work. 4. Testing will help evaluate the effectiveness of the program, course-books, material, and methods. Thus, teaching and testing are two inseparable aspects of the teachers task. They have an essential role in developing the students communicative competence. 2.3 Vocabulary Selection Vocabulary selection is related to the materials in used to enrich and develop students vocabulary. According to Read (2000:148) Vocabulary size test is merely samples of items representing their perspective frequency level, not words that are of interest in their own right. It means that to select the vocabulary that will be tested, the test taker must consider to the criteria of vocabulary selection. Karwuur (2005:10) notes that the selection of vocabulary should be based on the learners needs and the consideration of whether it is useful to them or not. Not to be different from them, Richards (200 1:7) said that there are two major criteria that should be considered by the teacher in selecting and organizing vocabulary from the classroom, they are; frequency and range of words. It is also 13 agreed by Nation (1990: 18-19) that frequency and range of the words are the main criteria in making selection of vocabulary for teaching learning in a class. Moreover, vocabulary selection is also related to direct and indirect vocabulary learning. In direct vocabulary learning, the students do exercises and activity that focus their attention on vocabulary. Word-building exercises, guessing word from context, learning word in lists, and vocabulary games are included in direct vocabulary learning. In indirect vocabulary learning the students attention is focused in some other feature such as message that is conveyed by a speaker or writer. As cited in Nation (1999:2), Krashen (1981 a) said that those arethe input theory of language learning. Nation (1999:3) also states that there are four ways in selecting vocabulary. They are as follows: I. Material is prepared with vocabulary learning as a consideration. In this case the selection and grading of vocabulary has been given a lot of attention before the course begins. 2. Words are dealt with as they happen to occur. It means that if an unknown word appears in the reading passage, the teacher gives some attention to it at the moment it causes a problem. 3. Vocabulary is taught in connection with other language activities. In other words, it should be concerned with real life. 4. Time is spent either in class or out of school. From all the ways above it can be said that selecting words is not an easy thing to do because there are not only some aspects determining the vocabulary I 14 selection but also the curriculum guidance on English subject coveriiig the words should be taught and which should be left out. Having good enough vocabulary influences the students in some ways: they understand what they read, what they hear, what they want to say, and write. Because vocabulay is an important component in language learning, it is used in all ianguage skiHs whether in reading, listening, speaking, or writing. It can not be separated each other. Vocabulary learning in the Junior High School level needs more attentions because according to the previous researches found that the problem ofjunior high school students is they lack of vocabulary so they could have difficulties in both receptive and productive English skills. Therefore, this study focused on the words included in the junior high school textbooks used by the students; the result gained will indicate that the junior high school students have a progress in learning the vocabulary. The textbooks refer to the 1999 curriculum guidance. 2.4 Types of Vocabulary Size Test Based on the frequency and the word range, Nation (2002:6) divided vocabulary into 4 groups. They are: I. High frequency words High frequency words are words that occur frequently in running text or speech of the native speaker. These words are very important so the students should be familiar with those words. 15 2. Academic words The academic words are the words that used in the common academic text. 3. Technical words These words are closely related to the topic discussed. 4. Low frequency words These kind of words are included all the words that are not high frequency words, not academic words and not technical words for a particular subject. He also says that the word-frequency counts help teachers and course designers in several ways. (a) They can help a teacher develop a feeling about which words are useful and should be given attention and which are infrequent. (b) They can provide a principled basis for developing words list for teaching, for designing graded courses and reading texts, and for preparing vocabulary test. (c) Where frequency counts give information on range, they are also useful for developing specialized words list. Thus, the vocabulary for the junior high school students that useful is high-frequency words which have a wide range. The test is very important in order to know the students progressive and the teacher effectiveness in teaching learning process. There are several types of test that can be used to test the vocabulary size: I. Multiple choice test Cross the choice that gives the best meaning of the word A tome 1. a rough split 2. a pain in the back 16 3. a large, heavy book 4. a type of horse 2. Yes/No or checklist test Tick the words you know explore achieve _____ survive _______ environment ______ 3. Translation test Translate the underline word into your first language. A bird has two wings. 4. Matching items original private complete royal first slow not public sorry total Those types of vocabulary test have the advantages and disadvantages. According to Nation (2001:81), they are: Multiple-choice items Multiple-choice items are difficult and need more time to make it but they are very quick and easy to score if the answers are clear. The test takers performance is too dependent on the choice of distracters and they tend to guess the answer. 17 2. The Y/N or checklist items Are easy to make and score but this tent to make the test taker overestimate of their vocabulary knowledge. 3.. Translation items The translation test are easy to produce and they ask the students to perform a task which is equal to what they do when reading or listening, but the scoring can be complicated and scorer need to know the students mother tongue. 4. Matching items The matching items are quick and easy to produce but it gives the test taker an opportunity to guess whey they answer. There are several types of test to measure students vocabulary size. In choosing the suitable test type, the principles suggested by Nation (2001:345) are: 1. The test has plenty of items. 2. The test item type requires the learner to use the kind of vocabulary knowledge that wants to be tested. 3. The test is easy to make, mark, and interpret, and has good effect on the learning and teaching. After the purposes and uses of the testing have been decided, the next point to consider is what kinds of information have to be known. In this case, to know the vocabulary size of the junior high school students, the researcher gave a test used to measure their vocabulary. Considering all the types of vocabulary size tests presented above, this study used translation test as a tool to measure 18 students vocabulary size. In this test, the students are expected to translate the target words given. As Rebecca (1990: 84) stated that, Translating can be helpful strategy early in language learning, as long as it is used with care. In this test, the students are allowed to use their own language as the basis for understanding what they hear or read in the new language. Thus, the English vocabulary size ofjunior high school students will be obtained. 19 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter incLudes research objective, the research methodology, the subjects of the study, target vocabulary, techniques of data collection method, and data analysis. 3.1. Research Objective The aim of this research is to find out whether the students have the adequate vocabulary size. In order to know the size of the students vocabulary knowledge, the translation test was employed. The test is intended to measure how much the junior high school students know the vocabulary they learned from their English textbooks. 3.2. Research Methodology The methodology used in this research is survey. As stated on the website available at http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/survey.htm), survey research is one of the most important areas of measurement in applied social research. The broad area of survey research encompasses any measurement procedures that involve asking questions of respondents. In survey, the samples are highly preferred a big class. Denscombe (1992:22) stated that being enhanced representative of the samples and allows greater confidence to making generalization use the large sample. 20 I 3.3. Subject of the study Subjects in this study were private Junior High School students in Jakarta. The subjects were taken from nine different private schools in Jakarta by using a purposive random sampling. The researcher took 9 schools out of 685 schools. The selection was based on their achievement in the national exam score. First, the researcher selected three private schools randomly that had the highest national exam score and classified them as high-level private schools. Then, the researcher selected another three private schools that had the average national exam score and classified them as medium-level schools. At the last, the researcher selected three private schools that had the lowest national exam score and classified them as low-level schools. One class was taken as a sample from each school. The main purpose of having high, medium, and low-level is to discover whether there is a significant difference in the achievement of the students vocabulary size learned from their textbooks. 3.4. Target Vocabulary The target vocabulary was taken from the words in English textbooks for Junior High School. Before the sample was taken, the words were edited. Function words like the, a, to, in, that were not included in the test of this kind of words; articles, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions, auxiliaries, etc.- are called as function words and seen as the grammar of the language. Thus the researcher sets out to test vocabulary by focusing on the content words as the target words. 21 The target vocabularies were selected from 2235 words which are used in Junior High School English textbooks. Following Thorndike and Lorges method à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ of estimating vocabulary size as cited by Nation (1990:76), the researcher selected every tenth word of the lists after the function words were elirninated. Consequently, there are 200 words tested to the participants. 3.5. Data Collection method The translation test is employed to collect the data in order to know how many English words were known by the students. In the test, each target word was provided in the sentences which are underlined, then, the students were asked to write the meaning. in Indonesian on the answer sheet provided. The direction was also given in Indonesian. The test consisted of 200 items. Each item consisted of one short-simple sentence in English in which the target word was underlined. The students were asked to write the meaning of the underlined word into Indonesian. The translation test is as follows: VOCABULARY-SIZE TEST FOR JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN JAKARTA Tes mi dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui banyaknya kosakata yang telah saudara kuasai berdasarkan buku bahasa Inggris yang dipakai. Setiap soal terdiri atas satu kalimat yang di dalamnya terdapat satà ¼ kata yang digaris bawahi. Tuliskan makna kata tersebut dalam bahasa Indonesia pada lembar JAWABAN yang telah disediakan. Coba kerjakan tes dibawah mi! 1. She uses a dictionary to check difficult words. 2. The room is dark, 3. She gave you an example. 22 There are two points in collecting the data, here are as follows: 3.5.1. Try Out of the Instrument The pilot study was conducted to calculate the reliability and validity of the test. The try out was calculated by using the Spearman Brown Method. The try out result indicated that the reliability coefficient for translation test is 0,8 8. Thus, it can be said that the test was reliable. The following is the formula of the Spearman Brown method: N-(X)(Y) 2(rXy) r11 = (i+rXy ) Where: r = Pearson r = the sum of score in X-distribution -= the sum of score in Y-distribution >XY = the sum of the products of pairs X- and Y-scores = the sum of the squared scores in X-distribution Y2 = the sum of the squared scores in Y-distribution N = the number of paired X- and Y- scores (subjects) 23 Based on the computation, the result is 0.88, while the rt for N 20 IS 0:44. So the result of the validity and reliability is higher than the critical r. It can be concluded that the test is valid and reliable enough to be used as a test instrument. 3.5.2. Scoring Test The type of the test used in this study is the translation test. It is used to identify whether the students knew the words in the textbooks they use. Following Nurweni and Reads study on vocabulary size of Indonesian university students which also used translation test, there were four possible answers, which were acceptable, they are: I. The answers gave a meaning of the word that was in relation to the context and grammatically correct. 2. The answer which gave a meaning of the word that was in relation with the context but it was grammatically incorrect. 3. The answer gave a meaning of the target word that was not in relation with the context but it was one possible meaning of the target word and grammatically correct. 4. The answer gave a meaning that was not in relation with the context but it was one possible meaning of the target word and grammatically incorrect. 24 In this study, the four different types of answer were all accepted as correct. For example: He is pjtin the room with blue colour. The answers might be: mengecat, cat, melukis, lukis. All the answers are considered correct. Every correc

Malcolm X Essay -- essays research papers fc

Malcolm X No one really knows what kind of impact Malcolm X would have had on history if he had not been assassinated. His beliefs and philosophy did gain him a place in history as one of the best-known Black Nationalist Leaders. Everyone seems to have known who Malcolm X was, and he ranks high with all other Black leaders. His ideas were radical and he was very out spoken. He was a major force in the development of black history. He fought not only for his people but also for all oppressed people everywhere. He was well spoken and he laid the groundwork for the black power movement of the late l960’s. Malcolm X was born on May 19, l925 to Rev. Earl and Louise Little in Omaha, Nebraska. Malcolm Little developed his own ideas and philosophies because of the many events that took place in his life. These events mostly tragic, created the path that Malcolm would travel. His father was his main influence. He was a Baptist minister who believed in freedom and equal rights for black people. He wanted a black nation in America and went underground with secret meetings to further these ideas. Sadly, when Malcolm was six years old, his father was murdered. After the murder his mother was institutionalized and all of the children went to live with neighbors. Malcolm decided to go on with his life an attended a white school. However, he soon realized that he was still treated unequally with whites because he was black. After leaving school Malcolm eventually went to live with his sis...

Use of Mise en Scene in the Film Yellow Earth :: Movie Film Essays

Use of Mise en Scene in the Film Yellow Earth The film â€Å"Yellow Earth† is the sad tale of a girl being forced to follow her â€Å"fate.† She sees an opportunity to escape in a foreigner, a soldier from the south. In this film, director Chen Kaige and cinematographer Zhang Yimou create windows into their characters. Several scenes are made more significant because of the use of mise en scene. This technique allows the viewer to see everything that happens during the course of the scene. The most impactful scene is perhaps when the soldier Gu is first brought into their home. Although the camera will show different shots, time is still continuous. It is not an interruption and is only moving to provide the audience with a better view. The continuousness of time is important because the audience knows everything that is occurring between the characters. The viewer hears their conversations and their silences. This use if mise en scene allows the viewer to get a sense of the tension between Gu and the family (as he is a newcomer), and between Cuiqiao and the others. There are two main angles that Yimou uses in this scene. One is centered on Gu and the other is centered on Cuiqiao, from slightly to the right of Gu’s perspective. Whenever the shot is facing Gu, it is at his level. Everything is level with his camera angle and straight with his life. Cuiqiao’s angle, however, is looking down on her. This is reflective of her current emotional state. She is sorrowful and repressed. Whenever a character performs an important action, the camera shows them. The first time that Cuiqiao and Han Han are spoken to, they become visible. Also, we see Cuiqiao’s reactions when they are important to her characterization. Gu speaks somewhat about the South and how free and wonderful it is. Cuiqiao’s curiosity is expressed on her face. The audience also sees Cuiqiao forgetting about what she is doing with the bellows.

Price Adjustment

Question 3 Compute a sales dollar base index for Midwest Sales, Inc. , to analyze the following quality cost information, and prepare a memo to management. Answer {draw:frame} Question 4 Analyze the following cost data for product B. What are the implications of these data for management? Chart these data. Calculate the quality indices as a relationship to the cost sales. Product B Quality categories as a percentage of Quality Cost Answer {draw:frame} CoQ graph {draw:frame} From the data above, the management team will know how much they have spending in order to get a high quality product. From here, the company must rearrange their production planning in order to produce a high quality product without putting an extra budget. Analyze the cost data from ABC Corp. What are the implications of these data for management? How do these data differ from those in problem 4? Answer {draw:frame} {draw:frame} {draw:frame} Based on the three pie charts above, it can be clearly seen that the total quality cost of non conformance (internal and external failure) can be reduced by increasing the conformance cost (appraisal and prevention) until it reached the optimum cost per good unit of product. It means that the company can only increase the conformance cost until certain limit in order to reduce the non conformance cost. When the conformance cost increase so much, it will result the increasing of non conformance cost as shown in Product C. Hence, the management needs to consider the cost by analyzing the profits based on the data that they got. Question 7 Prepare a graph or chart showing the different quality cost categories and percentage for the Great Plates Printing Company. Answer {draw:frame}

The real ‘cost’ of tourism is its impact on tourist recipient sites and regions

The real ‘cost' of tourism is its impact on tourist recipient sites and regions. Using quantitative data, measure the costs and benefits of tourism on a site or destination of your choice, evaluating that cost in economic, social and environmental terms. Give examples and describe from your own knowledge tourist sites that have paid a price in social and cultural disruption, or in environmental pollution. In the light of your findings, address the question of whether tourism is an appropriate tool for national development. Tourism has become one of the key industries in affecting the state of the world economy, and is being adopted by many struggling countries as a tool for national development. By studying the costs and benefits of tourism on concerned countries, it is feasible to analyse its success as a strategy of development. As tourism is a relatively new industry and is growing so fast, the literature on the subject is continually expanding as more studies are carried out. The aim for this piece of work therefore, is to investigate the real ‘cost' of tourism on Jamaica. Studies into the subject and the country will be examined, extracting the costs and the benefits in economic, social and environmental terms. The data will then be analysed in a suitable way and compared to alternative methods so as to determine if tourism is an appropriate agent for national development in Jamaica. It is very important to establish a few definitions before continuing with the essay, so that the eventual aim can be measured. Firstly, what we understand by the word tourism. Basically, it means a temporary and voluntary movement of people to a destination of their choice for the fundamental purpose of pleasure. The duration can range from a few days to a whole year. Facts in 2000 showed that there were 700 million travellers per year, 62% of which was solely for leisure. Its importance for national economies is illustrated by the fact that for 83% of countries tourism is one of the five top export categories and the main one for 38% of them. 11 Finally, a more in depth consideration is necessary to determine the, â€Å"most slippery concept of all,† (Lea, 1988) that is the notion of development. The focus of this work is, ‘whether tourism is an appropriate tool for national development', thus it is essential to define development in order to establish whether the country is successful in achieving this developed state that it is striving for. Since the term ‘development' contains within it factors to a social, political and economic extent, it is impossible for one word to define absolutely the developmental condition of a country. The conceptual meaning of development has been re-defined for over a century and there is still no clear definition to it. It has progressed from being more environmental determined in the nineteenth century, to the theories of modernisation which were considered more important in the mid-twentieth century. The idea behind this was that the basis of development was to catch up with and copy the Western world. Karl Marx was a German philosopher and some of his theories have shaped the idea of development. He felt there was a strain in all societies because the social organization never kept pace with the development of the means of production. The thought was that as result of the capitalist system, there was a concentration and centralisation of capital and therefore an uneven development in the world. These ideas shaped the views on development during the 1960's. However, Andre Gunder Frank expanded this in his ‘Theory of Third World Dependency'. He felt that under-developed countries would only progress if they â€Å"disconnected from the global economy and pursued their own national strategies of import-substitution†. Advancement continued in the 1970's, with the previous theories being, â€Å"refined, revised and in many cases rejected,† (Corbridge, 1991). The World Development Report (1991) defines development as, â€Å"†¦a sustainable increase in living standards that encompass material consumption, education, health and environmental protection.† (p. 31). As you can see, it is currently being considered in a much broader sense. Other aspects also tend to be included, such as, â€Å"†¦more equality of opportunity, political freedom and civil liberties. The overall goal of development is therefore to increase the economic, political and civil rights of all people across gender, ethnic groups, religions, races, regions and countries.† (World Development Report, 1991, p.31) In short, the more recent definitions have less of a focus and encompass a wider range of social and environmental criteria, as well as economic. As a result, in order to determine whether Jamaica is progressing we will assume they strive to develop economically, socially and environmentally. So an ideal next step is to look at the impacts of tourism in those three terms. However, before that is done it is essential to create a better understanding of Jamaica itself as a country and as a tourist destination. Jamaica is an island, located in the northern Caribbean, approximately 145km south of Cuba and 160km west of Haiti, with a population of about 2.7 million people with Kingston as the capital and largest city. Most visitors head for the north coast, where the best beaches and hotels can be found. This is where the busy, lively resorts are, and the cruise ports of Montego Bay and Ocho Rios. There is also the tranquil, and much less touristy, Port Antonio, set amid some of the island's loveliest scenery and beaches. However, to find the most stunning beach you must head west to Negrill for one of the most relaxed resorts. The south on the other hand has a very different atmosphere and is scarcely touched by tourism as yet. The east is where the capital Kingston is found, a sprawling, noisy and dusty city with an impressive harbour set against a backdrop of mountains. The Jamaicans themselves, on the whole, are very proud of their island and so often help to make tourists enjoy it too. Are they right to be proud? We now look at how the Jamaican environment is affected by tourism both positively and negatively. â€Å"Balancing Jamaica's ecology and tourism is a precarious dance to an insistent reggae beat. Tourism generates even more foreign exchange for the country than the bauxite industry, creating jobs and a chance for a brighter future. But with tourism comes development, bringing pressures to local people and their environment.† (Wilson 1999)2 A great quote for illustrating the two sides that comes with tourism. The pressure on the environment and people can become a very large problem. Reports have indicated that the natural resource bases that support the island's tourism trade is heavily stressed around the three main tourist centers. The reports identify the following principal sources of environmental degradation: (a) inadequate sewage treatment and disposal facilities is causing deteriorating water quality and reef damage; (b) storm water discharge is transporting silt and pollutant into coastal waters; (c) shore line construction, dredging and reef damage have caused beach erosion; (d) deforestation due to inland agriculture and timber cutting is aggravating flood damage and siltation; and (e) coastal development is contributing to the destruction of the wetlands, important as fish nurseries and wildlife habitat and as buffers against water pollution and coastal erosion. This clearly demonstrates the widespread impacts of tourism. â€Å"The increasing number of tourists, with extremely high consumption habits, places a disproportionate strain on the local infrastructure.† This explains why country's struggle with the increased demand which can often be seasonal and so suddenly hit them during the holiday periods. Studies indicate that the average tourist ingests ten times as much water and produces three times as much solid waste as the average resident.3 Yet another large factor in the gradual deterioration of the environment. Although tourism does create jobs and opportunities for locals, which we will look at in more detail later, there is not enough housing for them all. This leads to squatter settlements lacking in basic infrastructure and frequently situated in environmentally vulnerable locations, which again strongly reflects a negative side of the ecology. Continuing with the same theme, the steady increase in hotel construction has led to the destruction of the Dune barrier along the sea shore. Several years ago Jamaica's beaches were lined by dunes of sand covered with vegetation. With this barrier no longer there, due to the increased stress of tourism, erosion of beaches has been vastly accelerated. Environmental statistics provided by the â€Å"Statistical Institute of Jamaica† can provide us with a clearer understanding of the environmental impacts of tourism. Figures on land use in 1989 and 1998 can be misleading and also suggest that less land is being used more recently. This depends on how you look at the results and there can be a number of reasons to explain this. Data on the use of built up land indicates that 8kmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ more land was used in 1989. If tourism is having a large impact on the environment you would expect more to being used in 1998. However, this difference may be due to a lot of previously useful land being turned into wasteland as a result of tourists, and so it can't even be built on. In support of this, the figures for land use for buildings are larger in 1998 but by just 4km. The stats on petroleum consumption do indicate that there is an increase in tourism and therefore consumption of materials. It shows that from 1991 to 1999 the average annual growth is 3.3%. With more and more petrol being used it is safe to assume that it is having a negative impact on the environment. The imports of ozone depleting substances from 1995-1999, are also very interesting and show a very significant increase: (Source: Statin, External Trade; NRCA) Although the facts are not necessarily contributed to tourism, it is fair to say that it has a large say in this dramatic increase. Especially with CFC's as these are found in aerosol cans etc. and the increase in tourists could be a large factor due to their consumption of such products. Also, Methyl Bromide is used to control crops so the lack of increase here could be because more plants are being destroyed. Another side to the ecology not yet looked at is the potential decline in biodiversity. This involves the plants and animals that inhabit Jamaica. A 20-year study by scientists showed that habitat destruction and introduction on non-native species have caused approximately 12.5 percent of the world's plants to now be so rare, they could easily disappear.4 Jamaica is faced with threats to its flora as well as fauna, where the percentage of threatened plants reaches 20 to 40. In order to be considered as â€Å"threatened†, a species must have reached the point at which there were fewer than 10,000 individuals worldwide, or fewer than 100 locations where it could be found. Jamaica is also attributed with highest local deforestation speed, a fact that would contradict the statistics seen earlier.5 However, as previously mentioned those stats are ambiguous as they say â€Å"forest use† but not what it's used for. It could be used as a forest or, in a completely opposite way, to build on. So is the environmental impact of tourism on Jamaica all bad? Not really. The extra finance brought in by tourists, which will be seen in more detail in the economical part later, can be used to help preserve and restore local attractions. Tourism also has the potential to increase public appreciation of the environment and to spread awareness of environmental problems when it brings people in to closer contact with nature and the environment. Also if a country, like Jamaica finds that a certain site is found particularly attractive by tourists then it will be in there interest to ensure it's beauty is preserved in order to maximise profit from it. Although the above named advantages are possible for Jamaica, unfortunately it is not always looked on by the government in this way. There were very few examples found where Jamaica was looking to significantly improve their environment as a result of tourism. Despite the fact that the surroundings are clearly being destroyed the emphasis, as I think will come out even more lately, is that Jamaica are willing to sacrifice the environment in an attempt to maximise their income. But is this an appropriate strategy? Do the advantages significantly outweigh the disadvantages? In an attempt to answer those questions it is essential to look at what tourism brings to the economy. The Jamaican GDP was measured at about J$5,034 million during 2002, and stats on visitor stays indicate a total expenditure of J$1,000 million through tourism. This suggests that the tourism industry accounted for about 20% of Jamaica's GDP in 2002. This is a substantial increase from 10 years previous when tourism accounted for just 13.3%,6 but it is still recovering after the impact of the September 11th, 2001 happenings in USA. Before the events in USA, tourism was highly influential in the success of the Jamaican economy but it suffered a decrease as people became more concerned about travelling. It is only now that the industry is starting to re-develop, and it is again becoming one of the most influential industries amongst insurance services and the manufacturing business. Tourism is clearly a huge industry with immense potential for any country to use as a tool for national development, particularly economic development. Unfortunately, the richer countries seem more able to benefit than the poorer ones, which can lead to a larger gap building between them. Although the following figures are slightly dated they help indicate the state of the Jamaican economy and we can infer its current state from these after knowing it has since grown after the large blip due to September 11th. Jamaica ranks twelfth in the Americas region in tourist arrivals and ninth in terms of tourism receipts. With 18,500 rooms at the end of 1992, it ranked second after the Dominican Republic, among the 32 small island nations that comprise the Caribbean, in terms of the size of the accommodation industry.7 The Jamaican Tourist Board (JTB) statistics show that in 1992 there were a total of 909,010 stopover visitors, 649,517 cruise passengers and 148,173 non-resident Jamaicans who visited the island. Of more recent figures on which to compare these too, in 2002 there were 865,419 cruise passengers and 87,283 non-resident Jamaican visits. So in 10 years a quite substantial increase in cruise passengers but a drop in amount of non-resident Jamaicans. Cruises are directly linked to tourism and are a good indicator of whether or not it is increasing in terms of more money coming in. Also, in 1992 the total average spent by a cruise passenger was US$52.8 So assuming that has not changed Jamaica is apparently bringing in an extra US$11,226,904 then it was 10 years ago. Obviously, that is a very simplistic way of looking at it and there are many other costs involved, however it helps provide an indication. A further indication of the sort of revenue generated through tourism is demonstrated in the following table: Direct Government Revenues From Tourism Sector 1992 (in J$ Millions) Source Value GCT 690.5 Airport Tax 211.6 Cruise Passenger Tax 119.4 Commodity Taxes 245.5 Indirect Taxes 90.0 PAYE 432.1 Total Direct Revenues 1789.1 (Source: Jamaican Tourist Board) Total direct revenue of 1,789,100 is a fairly significant figure especially for 1992 when we take into account this market has grown since. This is only considering the direct government revenues and suggests that tourism provides a very healthy profit for the country. Therefore, could potentially be a good tool for national development. In terms of tourism providing employment the figures in 1992 show that a total of 71,710 persons were employed by the Jamaican Tourism Industry, which amounted to about 8% of the total employed labour force. Tourists are always interested in souvenirs; this again provides jobs for locals and money for the community. However, the souvenirs have to be made out of something and can possibly cause a strain on materials within the environment. The findings so far on economic impacts of tourism indicate that it could be a very profitable industry for a country like Jamaica. However, we have already seen the vast amounts of negative impacts tourism can have on the environment. Can it too have negative impacts economically? Unfortunately for Jamaica and other third world countries the answer is yes. Leakages can have a very significant impact on the amount of money the recipient sites actually receive and can often be the reason why the third world countries are not as well off as they should be. The direct income for an area is the amount of tourist expenditure that remains locally after taxes, profits, and wages are paid outside the area and after imports are purchased; these subtracted amounts are called leakages. In most all-inclusive package tours, about 80% of travellers' expenditure goes to the airlines, hotels and other international companies and not to local businesses or workers.9 Leakages can occur in two main ways; import leakage and export leakage. An import leakage occurs when tourists demand a standard of products and services beyond which the host country can supply. Therefore, the country must import the product and so money leaves the host country to pay for such items. An export leakage occurs when large companies from more developed countries control hotels and tourist sites in Jamaica, for example, and bring the profits back to them. These larger companies have the finance, unlike local businesses, and can therefore dictate foreign sites. â€Å"In Fiji, for example, the leakage is more like a haemorrhage-with only 45 per cent of the tourist revenue actually staying in the country.† (Stalker 1998) This quote goes along way to summing up the extent to which these leakages contribute to the downfall of third world countries. Enclave tourism is another reason why countries like Jamaica do not receive the revenue they appear they should. When tourists go on all-inclusive holidays they may often stay in one place, e.g. a hotel or cruise ship, which can provide them with all they need. If so, the local shops and restaurants do not benefit from them as they do not come in contact with them. It could be said the tourists are getting and not giving in terms of they are admiring the beautiful weather and scenery without putting money back in to the local economy. Surveys show that such all-inclusive deals can have a very negative effect on the economy for a number of reasons. As they are often owned by companies in more developed countries, less money goes into local businesses. It has been found such deals generate the largest amount of revenue but their impact on the economy is smaller per dollar of revenue than other accommodation subsectors'. It is also concluded that all-inclusives imported more, and employed fewer people per dollar of revenue than other hotels. 10So again, further indication of a lose-lose situation for Jamaica, as there materials are being used with minimal in the way of revenue coming back in. It was mentioned earlier that tourism can help to provide job opportunities for locals. However, Gray (1974) sees tourism's use of a large proportion of unskilled labour as only a temporary phase in the development of the industry-as tourism grows, it may become more reliant on higher skilled labour, which will inherently mean training those available, or more commonly importing them from elsewhere. If the latter is the case then unemployment within the country will increase, so more people will be claiming benefits, which has a detrimental effect on the economy. In addition, the seasonal nature of tourist employment demands adequate earning and budgeting to ensure survival through low season. Myrdal's Model of Circular and Cumulative Causation (1957)11 explains economic development within a country as a natural process. He states that as an industry develops it experiences multiplier effects of improved linkages, communications, infrastructure and services, causing the developing zone to prosper. He also mentions the â€Å"backwash† disadvantage of the negative impact on the environment. In terms of Jamaica, it may be that as a result of tourism links such as infrastructure have advanced but maybe not necessarily improved. The increase in hotels and restaurants could appear as development but as we have seen the effect on the ecology is massive. The third way to analyse the impact of tourism is in terms of social impacts. â€Å"The social and cultural impacts are they way in which tourism alters behaviour, value systems, family, relationships, lifestyles and community organizations† (Mathieson & Wall, 1982).12 Tourism can be potentially beneficial to the tourist socially as it broadens their interests, triggering an improved understanding of the unknown and the cultures and lifestyles of others. â€Å"When a country opens doors to international tourism, its traditions (however marketable) are going to be changed, if not threatened.† (Harrison, 1992) This quote shows how when a country chooses tourism as a tool for national development they are confining the lives of their residents to be strongly influenced. This can be in a number of ways and traits from the Third World can be brought across. These may include crime, prostitution and gambling. A potential advantage often mentioned is the introduction of technology and more advanced thinking from the Third World. A thought one may question, as it is debatable whether the new technology is beneficial or does it just make the tourist site more similar to our own surroundings but set in a different place. As you can see most of the findings from research into the social impacts of tourism again suggest a detrimental effect. Although, there was limited data related to just Jamaica. It is clear tourism is a massive factor in the lifestyle of residents, as it can change their work patterns and deteriorate their living surroundings. This essay has focused just on the impacts of tourism on Jamaica, but this clearly goes on throughout the world, with different destinations being affected in different ways. These can be seen by looking at a few brief examples of how other tourist sites are impacted. In winter 2000, 76,271 people entered Yellowstone National Park on snowmobiles, outnumbering the 40,727 visitors who came in cars, 10,779 in snowcoaches and 512 on skis. A survey of snowmobile impacts on natural sounds at Yellowstone found that snowmobile noise could be heard 70% of the time at 11 of 13 sample sites, and 90% of the time at 8 sites. At the Old Faithful geyser, snowmobiles could be heard 100% of the time during the daytime period studied. Snowmobile noise drowned out even the sound of the geyser erupting. (Source: Idahonews) The Wider Caribbean Region, stretching from Florida to French Guiana, receives 63,000 port calls from ships each year, and they generate 82,000 tons of garbage. About 77% of all ship waste comes from cruise vessels. The average cruise ship carries 600 crew members and 1,400 passengers. On average, passengers on a cruise ship each account for 3.5 kilograms of garbage daily – compared with the 0.8 kilograms each generated by the less well-endowed folk on shore. (Source: Our Planet, UNEP magazine for environmentally sustainable development, volume 10, no. 3, 1999) Both the above findings demonstrate further the dramatic impact of tourism. So all this leaves is to address the question of whether tourism is an appropriate tool for national development? A key to answering this question is the definition of national development, as investigated earlier. If you consider the earliest definitions, which basically suggest that Third World Countries strive towards being similar to the Western World, then I believe that tourism is an appropriate tool for development. It is a guaranteed way of becoming more like the Western World in terms of technology and infrastructure. However, I also believe that this is not the best definition and that the latter ones are more valid. The World Development Report suggested the overall goal was to increase the economic, political and civil rights of all people across gender, ethnic groups, religions, races, regions and countries. So if this is taken as the basis when answering the question, then my answer would be different. Tourism clearly does not go along way to increasing the political and civil rights of the Jamaica residents for example. Tourism brings in â€Å"intruders† from other countries who intrude on their lives and remove a significant amount of identification the citizens may have. The government have to make the choice of whether they are willing to sacrifice the well being of their residents and state of their environment in order to maximise the profits from the industry. Unfortunately, this is often the case as the country need their economy to be strong, and there is no doubt that tourism has massive potential of bringing in revenue. The only other consideration the government should have would be to use the money to improve industries within their own country and work on trade as an alternative. The potential revenue may not be as high but I believe it is safe to say that the disadvantages would be hugely less. In conclusion, of the theorists mentioned earlier I would agree with Andre Gunder Frank, as I believe if countries like Jamaica want to succeed they should disconnect from the global economy and pursue their own national strategies of import-substitution.